Large corporations Essay

Intranets are private websites, connections, or channels, usually owned by large corporations. The look and the environment of Intranets are relatively the same as Internets – the only difference between them is the fact that Intranets built to be accessible only to a group of authorized individuals that belongs to a certain company. For an Intranet connection to work, the presence of at least two servers is required, and one of which is going to act as a web or a file server. The one, on the other hand, is supposed to work as an email server. The faster and more efficient the microprocessor these individual server has, the better will the Intranet performance is going to be. Of course, aside from the servers, individual computers that connect to the Intranet are also part of the whole setup. These client computers can be connected either physically to the server through the use of a network cable or wirelessly courtesy of wireless network cards (Koehler, 1998). The two servers involved are tasked to transmit files, folders, and web pages to all the computers connected to it through it. The whole setup is also made possible through the use of the server software installed in it. Depending on what is required, each of the two servers needs an operating system, such as Windows, Unix, or Linux, and a combination of different programming software like ASP, PHP, XML, Perl, and other similar applications. Client computers however, would just require a functional operating system and a compatible browser (Dasgupta, 2001). It is the software that basically allows Intranet to function. A regular Windows operating system such as Windows 2000 and Windows XP are capable of working as web and email servers after performing the necessary configuration. However, a lot of administrators prefer to use Windows 2000 Server or Novell instead of the ones stated above. Both Windows 2000 Server and Novell have the necessary software embedded in them so that the Intranet connection can perfectly pass through. Intranet data are transmitted through the use of protocols, sockets, ports, and IP addresses. Once the required sets of software are configured and the necessary hardware in place, then the Intranet connection successfully works. It does not stop there, however. In an inner office intranet setup, security is of utmost importance. Without security parameters, data becomes accessible to the public. The regular username-password dialogue box manifests a commonly practiced Intranet security method. But aside from that, firewalls can also serve as a good security measure because of its ability to block access from an unauthorized IP addresses and similar connection points. Encryption software can also be used, especially if sensitive data are involved, such as bank account numbers, credit cards, and similar financial information (Ashley, 1999). II. Hardware Any regular computer with a network card physically or remotely connected to the intranet can access the server. The more important hardware requirements in an inner office intranet setup therefore, are the web, file, and email servers. These servers should adequately provide high-speed access to the whole network, as they are the backbone of the Intranet system. An office system with more than a thousand employees need a file server with 4 Megahertz processor speed having at least 1 Gigabytes of memory installed. On the other hand, the hard disk it contains should be 10 gigabytes or above and ideally, should follow a redundant array configuration. Still considered as part of the hardware requirement is the server’s operating system and it is the platform from which the Intranet system will work. As stated previously, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server is an example of a functional operating system as it has Microsoft Internet Information Server pre-installed in it. Macintosh, Linux and Unix are also popular choices, although which platform to choose depends entirely on the developer’s expertise and the company’s resources. Intranet follows the basic idea of local area networking. As such, the use of physical network connections is required, either directly or wirelessly. Most companies use network cards, cables, hubs, switches and wireless routers to transmit data requests from the computer to the server and then back again. And for the server to understand which remote computer requested a particular data, the concept of IP addressing comes into play. IP address means Internet Protocol address and each computer in the network is assigned a unique number that falls within the server’s subnet. Computers don’t necessarily understand human language. Consequently, the data received from the remote computer has to be translated into a code that the main servers can understand. This is the main task of a protocol stack, which is another program built-in into a computer’s operating system. Protocol stacks are more commonly called as the TCP/IP protocol, and this is what most companies, large and small alike prefer to use. These data pass through ports. Ports are a special set of numbers present in the header of every data packet sent by the client and the server. Ports are used so that the data being transmitted are mapped properly and directly to the correct process or application as designated. Different applications use different ports. Files, web pages, and emails each pass through a unique port in a computer. This is main reason why it is possible to accept these three different type so data packets all at the same time (Dasgupta, 2001). Routers, on the other hand, are the devices that are tasked to know the exact location of the computer that the data is intended for. Routers can either be a software functioning inside the server, like in the case of proxies. But in many cases, a router is a hardware that contains a firmware that has the capacity to direct traffic within the network or sub-network. While routers know all the computers below them, they do not necessarily know the ones above them. The moment that a packet, or a piece of information, is received by the router from the server, it checks the IP address the data is for. When it finds its location, it will then send the data accordingly. Else, it would transfer the data to the next router in the network, which will do the exact same process until the computer with the matching IP address is found. After which, the computer receives the data and is translated in a human-understandable form so that it can be used by the employee who requested it (Dasgupta, 2001). III. Software After the physical layer is in place and is running, the next thing that the administrator has to do is to setup the server-side functions of inner office Intranet. Depending upon the requirements of the company, a web page-like interface can be installed, which usually come in the form of simple HTML software. But that can be enhanced if utilized along with different script builder programs such as Cold Fusion, CGI, and database applications like Oracle. AT this point, the concepts applied here are generally the same as that an Internet connection. Only in this case, the data is not made accessible to the public, but only to the authorized people belonging to the office network. Aside from hard-core coding software, there is also that need for a design or the so-called perfect interface. Design and interface falls under the wet ware requirement of an Intranet network, although this category is still considered part of the software requirements. The most common reason why companies choose to setup an Intranet connection is because they have that need to gather all their employees at a common point. For this reason alone, an Intranet’s design and presentation becomes important. Consequently, they should always go well within what the employees wants to see and hear every time they access the portal and what the management and the shareholders want to impart. And aside from a good web designer, a talented writer may also be required to create announcements, ads, slogans, and content for the inner office’s intranet site (Koehler, 1998). IV. Security The most important aspect of Intranet connection would be its security, for it is that which primarily makes the Intranet different from the Internet. In an Internet setup, people from across the globe can access the data provided they have a telephone line, a modem, and a decent connection speed. Whereas in an Intranet, only authorized people are allowed. Only those who have desks and computers provided by the company can possibly have access to Intranet. Furthermore, in an Intranet setup, employees are given a username and password and from there, they can be categorized according to their respective department. As a result, only people belonging to a particular department can access the resources allotted to them. For example, the finance department can only go through files related to accounting while the marketing department can only download, modify, and create files that relates to sales. Most of the time, those people who belong to the upper echelon are given total access across departments (Koehler, 1998). Aside from categorization, it is also important for an inner office intranet to use firewalls to further protect their network from unauthorized outside access. Some intranets allow external access from their employees, meaning these people have the ability to connect from outside the office by passing through a virtual private network. For such applications, intensive firewalls are needed to keep other people away from the company’s database and server. Most companies use Cisco router firewalls, which can be considered as hardware, while there are companies that settle for purely software-based firewalls similar but not totally alike, to what Norton, Symantec, and AVG creates. But most firewalls that large corporations use are highly customized – meaning a pool of expert programmers are commissioned to create them from scratch. Open ended and individualized firewalls like these are harder to penetrate unlike the pre-built ones. Basically, what firewalls do is to block the ports from which data passes through, especially if the request comes from an unauthorized source (Ashley, 1999). References Ashley, Paul. (1999). Practical Intranet Security: Overview of the State of the Art and Available Technologies. Massachusetts: Kulwer Academic Publishers. Dasgupta, Subhasish. (2001). Managing Internet and Intranet Technologies in Organizations: Challenges and Opportunities. Pennsylvania: Idea Group Publishing. Koehler, Jerry W. (1998). The Human Side of Intranets: Content, Style, & Politics. Florida: CRC Press LLC.

Citizen Kane Essay

An extremely wonderful, but definitely not a movie I would ever watch again because I wouldn’t be able to handle it a second time, Citizen Kane’s very title has become a masterpiece. â€Å"The Citizen Kane of its genre is about as great of praise as any film might hope to achieve. Citizen Kane’s unique status in the world of American cinema is held in its place in Hollywood history. At the height of the Hollywood studio system, when studio bosses controlled every aspect of filmmaking from production to exhibition, this film was made by a handful of brilliant artists who were given freedom to do whatever they wanted. The examples in the film of why Citizen Kane is arguably the greatest film of all time: Introduction to Xanadu.  Kane’s Death. News on the March. Introduction to Susan Alexander. Kane’s childhood, Kane Buys his First Newspaper. Introduction to Mr. Bernstein. Visual symbolism: Mr. Bernstein’s image reflected in table. Visual symbolism: Mr. Bernstein stands beneath painting of Kane. The Early Days, the Happy Days. Declaration of Principles Scene. Kane Celebrates Birth of His Newspaper Empire. Kane Returns from Paris with Wedding Engagement. Leland Recalls the Breakdown of Kane’s Marriage to Emily Norton. Kane Meets Susan Alexander. Gettys Springs His Trap. Kane Marries Susan Alexander; Her Opening Night at the The Missing Review. Susan Alexander at the El Rancho. Susan Alexander Rehearses for Opening Night. Susan Alexander’s Opening Night at the New Opera House. Argument over the Bad Reviews. Susan Alexander on Tour. After Susan’s Suicide Attempt. Life is Boring in Xanadu. Susan Leaves Kane. As Susan confronts Kane. As Kane pleads with her. As Susan realizes Kane just doesn’t get it. Kane, watching Susan walks down long corridors and out of his life. Susan walking away from camera. Visual symbolism, Susan walking out of his life, and Kane’s Rampage After Susan Leaves a Symbolic action, Kane picks up the glass ball. Symbolic dialogue, Kane says â€Å"Rosebud† metaphor: Kane’s reflections in the mirrors Answer to the Riddle of â€Å"Rosebud.† Visual symbolism, fence, No Trespassing Sign, K sign in fence in foreground, Xanadu looming in the background Visually, Welles and legendary cinematographer Gregg Toland forged a dramatic style combining such techniques as extreme deep focus, varied camera angles  including low angles revealing set ceilings, and unconventional use of lighting and deep shadows anticipating the film noir style. Individually, most of these techniques had been pioneered in other films, but Citizen Kane masterfully brought them together with unprecedented acumen and maturity. Narratively, Welles and veteran writer Herman J. Mankiewicz jointly crafted a storytelling tour de force combining non-linear narrative, composite storytelling from multiple points of view (a technique that would later be indelibly associated with Kurosawa’s Rashomon), varying narrative forms including the famous opening newsreel segment as well as interviews and flashbacks, and a dramatic span of decades with characters aging from young adulthood (or even childhood) to old age. Their characters are complex and ambiguous, and their dialogue crackles with wit and insight. Thematically, the film tackles the mystery of man from nearly every conceivable angle except religion — love, happiness, money, power, sex, marriage, divorce, politics, the media, celebrity, despair, death — in a sweepingly ambitious study that asks anew the 2000-year-old question, â€Å"What does it profit a man to gain the whole world and lose his soul?† What’s more, Kane accomplishes all this not as a rarefied art film for the ambitious few, but as a popular story for the masses, a riddle picture with the most famous twist ending in Hollywood history. This ending, of course, is the explanation of Charles Foster Kane’s dying word, â€Å"Rosebud.† The twist behind the twist is that while the final shot satisfyingly resolves the question with which the picture began, the whole notion that that the answer to that question would somehow provide the key to Kane’s life was only a journalistic conceit. The film answers the question, but refrains from offering any final explanation or judgment of its complex protagonist, suggesting that a man’s life is more than a riddle to be explained or resolved. That’s not to say that Rosebud isn’t significant. It is. It signifies innocence lost, regret, the failure of the American dream of rags-to-riches  success. It also represents what Kane lost at an early age when he was taken from his mother and father and raised by an unloving guardian. Deprived of love, burdened by too much money and power, Kane grows up with a ravenous desire to be loved despite being incapable of love himself, as well as an arrogance and sense of entitlement to getting his way. The tragedy of his life epitomizes the dark side of the pursuit of happiness, with failed marriages, broken friendships, dashed political aspirations, rapacious acquisitiveness, isolation, and despair. Controversy surrounding the release of the film has become an enduring part of its legend. The character of Charles Foster Kane was widely recognized at least in part as a fictionalized version of newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, and Hearst furiously did his best to suppress the picture and have it destroyed. While working on Citizen Kane, Welles joked that â€Å"If they ever let me do a second picture, I’m lucky.† He was only half right. He was lucky enough to make many additional pictures, some of them masterpieces in their own right. That super awesome level of control and magic was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity and Welles made the most of it. This is Citizen Kane.

Formal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Formal report - Essay Example The company has a diverse customer base and thus the resources to improve the relationships between customers, employees and management, among others. The importance of leadership is highlighted in this report while defining the role expected of different players in the business. The report also incorporates the elements of building a proper customer service repertoire. The customer service is to be supported by a charter and standards, which also incorporates the use of norms and organizational practices. The above discussion and recommendations demand that Samsung improves on the employee policy to empower their contributions to customer challenges, by developing an employee well versed with the company operations, in different product departments, to improve on knowledge directed towards customer-service In this way, stronger customer loyalty will be built that leads to better company image and increasing revenue. The report concludes with the provision of a conclusion based on fi ndings, and recommendations that would improve on how the company relates with customers. The paper limits the study to the electronics branch of the business. This paper covers challenges that are faced by Samsung’s customer relations. Samsung has two challenges in customer relations. Customer service representatives experience high pressure because they receive many negative emotions and hear lots of complaints, and the working environment is not as comfortable as other clerical jobs, in retrospect to the nature of the job. The principles of customer service (integrity, respect, and accountability) must be integrated with the customer relations policy in Samsung’s approach to dealing with their clients, under customer support. The company has a diverse customer base and thus the resources to improve the relationships between customers, employees and management, among others. The importance of leadership is highlighted in this report while defining the role

Health Care Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Care Analysis - Essay Example nal environment; apart from this issue, the various stages of the implementation of the specific computer application will be also presented in this report (as analytically as possible). At the same time the advantages of this system and its overall impact on the performance of the East London Clinic but also on the development of the knowledge management of the health care sector will be explained. Any necessary modification made to the system prior to its implementation in the specific organization is identified and evaluated taking into account the characteristics of the particular industrial sector and the position of the firm within its industry. The Interactive Order System is among the computer applications that were implemented in the East London Clinic the last 2 years aiming to support the improvement of the services provided to clients and contribute to the limitation of the time required for the completion of various tasks. The implementation of the specific computer application was completed a month ago. Since then, despite the relatively short term, a significant improvement has been observed in the delivery of orders and the assignment of tasks to the doctors/ nurses across the Clinic. The specific system offers to the employees of the administrative department of the Clinic the ability to accept the orders quickly (by choosing among existed forms) and save the data received into easy to identify folders – the system provides a set of pre-structured choices (tasks/ categories) being adapted to the needs of each particular healthcare organization. One of the most important characteristics of this system is it s interactive feature – i.e. the ability offered to customers/ patients to communicate directly with the administrators in the Clinic placing their order for specific healthcare services. It is the specific feature that has helped towards the improvement of the performance of the East London Clinic (increase of the number of orders received,

Dred Scott Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dred Scott - Research Paper Example who were forcibly taken from their homeland, transported under extremely harsh conditions and made to work under even worse conditions in the various rice, cotton and tobacco plantations spread all over the southern parts of America. These slaves once sold to their white owners, lost their freedom for ever. Often they were treated brutally by these owners resulting in deaths for many of these unfortunate black people. Such accounts of tortures and brutalities on the black slaves are well documented in the very famous book â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† by Harriet Jacob. â€Å"Uncle Toms cabin† by Harriet Beecher Stowe also deals with similar issues. Dred Scott is one such black African slave who fought a war against the legal and social system of nineteenth century America to get his freedom. Free slave was a concept almost unheard of in the pre-civil war America. At that time the slaves were the personal property of their owners and were treated as such. Dred Scott was another such slave born in the year 1799 in Virginia and was owned by the family of a white southern named Peter Blow. In 1830 when this family shifted base to St. Louis, Missouri they took Dred along with them and later sold him off to one Dr. John Emerson who was in the service with the army of the United States. Here there is some confusion as to who the real Dred Scott was. From old records it has been found that before his death, Peter Blow had one female and five male slaves. However after his death his estate inventory recorded only four male slaves. So it can be assumed that Blow before his death in 1832 had sold one of his male slaves. In 1833, records show that there was another sale of a male slave named Sam from the Blow family for 500$ to clear their outstanding credits and dues. When Dr. Eme rson came to Fort Armstrong in Illinois in 1833 with him was a slave who had previously been with the Blow family. The name of this slave was Dred Scott. There is much debate amongst

The Basic Universal Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Basic Universal Laws - Essay Example Going to the grocery store or paying for gas can be a difficult task if a person is not entirely fluent in the language.   Attempting to learn new ideas, such as when I began high school in the US, can b,e seemingly impossible at first.   Struggling with concepts that a person knows because of language can be an incredibly trying and frustrating task.   Relearning various aspects of mathematics and chemistry, only in English this time, made me wish I hadn’t moved to the US at times.   The only choice that I had was to persevere and continue making progress little by little. Beyond language, there were many cultural practices that I had to acclimate myself to.   When you grow up in a culture, you simply learn these small customs.   Foreign language classes might attempt to prepare students for various aspects of these cultural differences, though they can in no way totally prepare students for the vast differences in cultures such what exists between Chinese and Ame rican cultures.   There were many times in which I was positive I was using my English language skills appropriately, but because of cultural differences, I was being understood improperly.   These times could be even more frustrating than a simple language barrier.   Often times these episodes could even be embarrassing, though I was able to pretend that I either hadn’t picked up on that aspect of the exchange or simply ignored it.   Unless people have experienced events such as these themselves, they are simply incapable of truly understanding the difficulties of cultural differences.  I did have support from my family.   They helped me with the phrases and concepts that I was having difficulty comprehending.   Eventually, I was able to help my family members with various words and concepts that I was learning and utilizing on my own.   I do know that I would not have been able to adjust to my new life in the US if it had not been for the comfort of having m y family with me.   The external force of my immigration to the US forced many changes upon me, but it did not completely take away everything that I had previously known in my life before.

What changes would you make to Proposition 13 Essay

What changes would you make to Proposition 13 - Essay Example eal estate property value for tax purposes to 1975 to 1976 market value; reduced tax increases to 2 percent annually especially for continuing property owners; and provided a reassessed value base for new property owners. It also reduced real estate taxes to 1 percent, and required two-thirds votes for legislative revenue or tax increases among others. Proposition 13 significantly reduced property taxes for both homestead and commercial properties. The major driving factor behind the enactment of the proposition 13 was the notion that Californians should not be priced out of their homes through high taxes. This initiative has been termed the third rail of California politics because politically, it is very difficult for policymakers to alter it. This paper provides a very thoughtful discussion on proposition 13, its meaning, what happened, some of the proposed amendments to this proposition, its impacts. It will also cover what is different prior to and after the enactment of this in itiative. Proposition 13 has remained a law in California for a long period since its inception and its supporting vote was perceived as a tax revolt against California government (Ferreira 662). This initiative affected property taxes, individuals’ lives as well as businesses. This proposition dramatically changed California constitution and it helped taxpayers to address the rising property taxes and increasing state revenue. This proportion altered the structure of the property taxation and how taxes are distributed in California. There are many things that took place and various aspects or practices changed upon the formulation of this proposition. Firstly, this law removed much of the fluctuation of property tax revenue that resulted to a more stable revenue source for local government. Secondly, proposition 13 decreased the rates of property tax to 1 per cent. In 1977, the average property tax rate in California was 2.67 percent but proposition 13 reduced the rate to 1 percent

FRACKING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FRACKING - Essay Example cess of Fracking is excused from primary environmental laws, as well as the Safe Drinking Water Act, and gas spills and mishaps are very common (McKenzie, et.al, 2012). People have played an immense role in this environmental issue; it starts from the process of extracting the gas to the transportation of the waste materials. This puts the water bodies and the general health of the human beings a very significant risk. In fact, most individuals who close to the fracking sites have acquired severe illness from drinking water that is contaminated. The tap water has so much methane such that it can even light a fire (McKenzie, et.al, 2012). All this has been caused by the fracking activities and the poor methods of disposing of the waste products. The industries are not allowed to reveal the chemicals used in the process of fracking, and this is an implication that they are aware that they use dangerous materials. Societies with fracking have witnessed deteriorations in the value of property, growths of the crime rate, and decline in local tourism and farming (Finewood & Stroup, 2012). Over 70% of the elements used in this process are likely to be harmful to the eyes, the skin, as well as the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. Roughly 50% of these materials are likely to have an impact on the brain cell structure, immunity and cardiac systems, 25% of these are liable to cause cancerous diseases and other body related mutations. Nonetheless, most hazards of the pollutants used in the fracking procedure do not appear instantaneously, and they are long term and entail studies observing into long-standing health effects. Methane is a key constituent of natural gas and it likely to trap heat in the atmosphere 20 times than carbon dioxide; this leads to air pollution (Finewood & Stroup, 2012). The fracking process uses chemical additives in the procedure of drilling mud, and the fluids are vital to this process; this leads to major water pollution. The United

Concept of Human Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concept of Human Nature - Essay Example It is the confirmation of friendship or competition that we will concern with. In the bygone eras, there were wars and rumors of war. There were those who went to fight battles and returned as heroes. Then there were those who fought battles but did not return. There were also those who masterminded plans of action for the furtherance of kingdom. And there were others who masterminded treacheries. Scores were settled in the process of wars and battles. The charade was so well knit and appeared so real that none noticed the element of treachery in the episode. Sometimes the plans boomeranged on those who engineered the plots. The plots were so brilliantly drawn and executed that it was not till the final act was over one could perceive anything amiss. However, in the end, some way or the other, the executor of the treachery was exposed and divine justice settled the scores with just retribution (Song of Roland). Not all the scenarios ended in bloodbath. There were those who spent time in soliloquy and reflection. They were men and women of foibles and passions like the rest of mankind. They laughed and cried in their childhood. They embraced in lust in their adolescence and they went in the worldly way of business. But they remembered their ways. They felt something amiss. They knew that they had crossed the boundaries of decency at such a time and place. The peace had departed from them and they were like caged animals. They lived in the open air, but they felt the iron bars around them. They constantly felt the pricks of their emotions like swords after their souls. Then they had to break down. They had to open up (The Confessions of J.J. Rousseau). Destiny with God After all the things are said and done, the end comes with a mixture of sadness and happiness. The secret thoughts are hardly spoken. The matters of the heart are kept very closely guarded secrets. The keepers of secret do so for a reason. They dread to speak about their longings and desires. They hide them away like treasures. They wait for the end. They know the opportune time will come. The fear is there that the end might not come according to their plans. There is the lingering fear that the object of their desires might go the opposite way. They pursue the goal of their desires with all diligence. Sometimes they come so close that they could grasp it with their arms. But they must wait. The right time has not arrived. They must pine away some more time. Ultimately they reach their goal. The time is now ripe. They could count the cost. They could look back and see the long and arduous journey. Many died on the way. There is the tinge of sadness around the joy of triumph. They have won the war, but at the cost of some battles. One cannot undo the trysts of destiny. One has to march on. There are some miles yet to go. One cannot march on without having learnt to bear the gains and losses of a journey. It is enough that you have come so far. We must learn to wait to see what is yet to come (Racine). Conclusion There are those that scheme and plot to have circumstances go their way. They succeed many times. Then there are those who make sincere plans and goals and work at achieving them. They may or may not succeed. It is fine if they

The Life of Marlee Matlin Essay Example for Free

The Life of Marlee Matlin Essay Marlee was born on August 4, 1965 in Morton Grove, Chicago. She had normal hearing at birth, but at 18 months contracted measles. Her illness produced high fevers and serious complications that included permanently in her right ear, and 80 percent of the hearing in her left ear, making her legally deaf. Marlee’s parents educated her in their community instead of sending her to a special school. She learned sign language at the age of 5 her parents struggled to communicate with her but with time they learned sign language. They raised her with love and respect. As a child, Marlee discovered acting in a program at the Center on Deafness that brought deaf and hearing kids together. Marlee launched her career at age 8, playing Dorothy in the Des Plaines Children’s Theatre of the Deaf in their production of The Wizard Oz. She decided to put her theatrical aspirations on the back burner while studying criminal justice at William Rainey Harper College. Once she earned her degree in criminal justice from Harper College she went back on stage and began playing a minor role in the original Chicago Immediate Theatre Production of Children of a Lesser God. As time passed her community-theatre effort went professional and was transplanted to New York where Marlee was promoted to the leading role of Sara. She repeated this role in the 1988 film version of Children of a Lesser God, and in performing in it became the first deaf actress to win an Academy Award. In 1989 Marlee played a deaf woman in Bridge to Silence. From 1991-1993 she had the leading role in the television series Reasonable Doubts and was nominated for a Golden Globe Best Actress Award but her best reward in 1993 was meeting Kevin Grandalski while she was filming a scene from Reasonable Doubts series outside the studio grounds, the Burbank police department assigned Grandalski to provide security and control traffic. She went on and married Kevin on August 29, 1993. They have four beautiful children Sarah, Brandon, Tyler and Isabelle she is very devoted to her family. She also had a guest appearance in Picket fences and was nominated for the Emmy Award. In 1994 she portrayed Carrie Buck in the TV drama Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story she played a hearing woman for the first time and earned a Cable ACE Nomination as Best Actress. Other television appearances have been Seinfeld, The Outer Limits, ER, Desperate Housewives, CSI: NY and Law Order: Special Victims Unit. She was nominated for a Primetime Best Actress Emmy for her guest appearances Seinfeld, Law Order: Special Victims and The Practice. The following are Films or Television shows Marlee’s has portrayed a role in. Her career began in 1986 with Children of a Lesser God, Walker, Bridge to Silence, The man in the Golden Mask, The Linguinincident, The Player, Hear no Evil, Against her Will: The Carrie Buck Story, It’ my Party, Dead Silence, Freak City, Where the Truth Lies, Askari, What the Bleep do we Know, Sweet Nothing in my Ear, Celebrity Apprentice, Comedy Central Roast: Donald Trump, CSI, Family Guy, Dancing with the Stars, Nip Tuck, The L Word, CSI: New York, My Name is Earl, Desperate Housewives, Extreme Makeover: The Home Edition, Law and Order: SVU, The West Wing, The Division, The Practice, Blues Clues, Judging Amy, ER, Spin City, Reasonable Doubts and the most current television show Switched at Birth were she plays the mother of deaf son.

Disscussing The Advantages Of Effective Communication Information Technology Essay

Disscussing The Advantages Of Effective Communication Information Technology Essay The communication plays a vital role in the business. The effective communication brings the effective advantage and benefit to the company. Normally in business, the communication is very much essential for getting in touch with the other company. In a business, there are many communication channels are available to communicate with other companies. The traditional communication channel, such as letters can also be used for the business communication. But the tradition communication channel is very slow. But nowadays the modern communication channels makes the business communication very attractive and very quick. This assignment tries to show the importance of the communication channels in the context of change in the business. The research is carried forward to show the best communication media for the business. Many authors have viewed that direct communication is best for the business. In Direct communication, there will no loss of information or message. Many authors suggest that direct communication is best and the suitable method for business in the context of change. But with the growth of Information technology, the modern communication media is widely used in all the companies. The modern communication channels are very fast. So many people are preferring the modern communication channels. The traditional communication channels such as Letters becomes very less effective comparing to the modern communication channels. DEFINITION OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION The Business Communication is also simply called as Communication. The communication is the process that performs the following: Sending and Receiving Official messages. Exchanging the information, thoughts, ideas and emotions of the people. The communication is mainly used for the purpose of marketing the product. It uses the communication channel for transfer the information. Advantages of Effective Communication: It is mainly used for accomplishing shared understanding. It stimulates others peoples to take necessary actions to accomplish the goals and objective. It directs the flow of information from one people to another in a business. This helps the people to overcome the barriers in the business. The channels information helps to encourage people to think about the creativity and innovative techniques. General Forms of Communication Conversation communication Small group communication Large group communication TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Communication on the basis of Communication Channels. Communication on the basis of Styles and Purpose. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ON THE BASIS OF THE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL The Communication are of two types. They are as follows. The Verbal Communication The Non-Verbal Communication The Verbal Communication The Verbal Communication is related to the written and the oral communication. The oral communication means, it is the spoken words in the communication process. The oral communication are of two types. They are face-to-face or direct communication and the communication over the telephone or voice chatting(indirect communication). The written communication is of through writing the letter through email or traditional letter writing way. Success of the written communication is depends upon the style and attractive presentation of the letter. Normally in business, email is mainly used for the communication purpose. The Non-Verbal Communication The Non-Verbal communication means the body language of a person. It includes posture, gesture, and body movements of a person. The non-verbal communication an also be presented in the form of graphical presentations, signboards etc. While communicating, face expressions, hand gesture, body posture can convey the emotions of a person. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ON THE BASIS OF STYLE AND PURPOSE The Communication are of two types. They are as follows. The Formal Communication The InFormal Communication The Formal Communication The formal communication means, the communication carried down in a structured format. The formal communication can be used mainly for conducting official meeting, conferences, writing memos and letters etc. The formal communication is follwed by each and every company. In communication in company belongs to formal communication. The InFormal Communication The Informal communication means, the communication carried down between the friends and the family members in an unstructured way. This type of communication does not follow the rules and guidelines. It does not have any time limitation COMMUNICATION CHANNELS In the company, people are using the following type of communication channels for exchanging the confidential and official informations. They are as follows: E-mail Communication Letters Communication Voice chat or telephone Communication Face-to-Face Communication E-mail : This is the fastest means of communication. Nowaday people using email for their business. Letters : This includes memos, letters etc. This is the traditional communication methods. Voice chat or telephone: This is the voice converstaion over the phone or voice chat over the internet to communicate with the other company. Face-to-Face : This type of communication takes place in general meetings, interview. This is a type of direct communication. In the companies, these communication channels are mainly used for the business. REPORT REGARDING THE SCENARIO In this scenario, the company is decided to dismiss the employees for the purpose of reducing the operatinal cost. The best communication strategy to convey this bad news to the employees is through the email or through direct communication. The company people can also arrange for a meeting, in that meeting they can say obout the dismissal of the employees by communicating with them calmy and the reasons for dismissal. The persons who conveys the message should have good interpersonal communication skill. So that the person can convey the bad news to the employee without hurting them. MANAGERIAL COMMUNICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGE The mangement can follow the above said communication channels in their business. Mostly the best strategy for the business communication is through email, phone, voice chat and the direct communication. With the growing technology, many company are using video conferencing in their business. But it is not followed by all the companies. FINDINGS The modern communication system becoming very eminent and attractive. This modern communication system will flourish rapidly in the business. The developing companies can use this above said communication channels in their business. Using this communication channels, the management can handle the situation effectively and efficiently in the above said scenario. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The secondary research is used in this study. The literature was viewed to analyse how Business Communication plays a vital role in the companies. The important executives in the organization should know about all of these communication channels. Then only the company can run the business smoothly. The Email communication channel is very useful in the companies. Many authors viewed that while writing business email, the executives should follow standard business email writnig styles. The business communication is very essential for the maangement in the context of change. CONCLUSION Thus the Communication occupies an important position in the company. With out communication channels, the company can not the run business smoothly. The communication channels are developing, dynamic and multi-disciplinary activity. The traditional communication channels are also used by many companies. With the growth of Information technology, nowadys the companies are using video conferencing for their business. Therefore, the excellence in business communication brings ultimate and attractive benefits to the company.

Frank Lloyd Wright :: essays research papers

Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was born as Frank Lincoln Wright in Richland Center in southwestern Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867. His father, William Carey Wright, was a musician and a preacher. His mother, Anna Lloyd-Jones was a teacher(1 Compton). It is said that Anna Lloyd-Jones placed pictures of great buildings in young Frank's nursery as part of training him up from the earliest possible moment as an architect. Wright spent some of his time growing up at the farm owned by his uncles near Spring Green, Wisconsin. Frank Lloyd Wright was of Welsh ethnic heritage, and was brought up in the Unitarian faith. Wright briefly studied civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, after which he moved to Chicago to work for a year in the architectural firm of J. Lyman Silsbee. In 1887, he hired on as a draftsman in the firm of Adler and Sullivan, run by Louis Sullivan (design) and Dankmar Adler (engineering) at the time the firm was designing Chicago's Auditorium Building(1 Compton). Wright eventually became the chief draftsman, and also the man in charge of the firm's residential designs. Under Sullivan, whom Wright called "Lieber Meister" (beloved master), Wright began to develop his own architectural ideas. In 1889 he married his first wife, Catherine Tobin. He also designed houses on his own toward the end, homes Wright called â€Å"bootlegged† (2 Encarta) which were done against Alder and Sullivan's policies concerning such moonlighting. When Louis Sullivan found out about these homes, Wright was fired from the firm. The bootlegged houses showed the start of Wright's low, sheltering rooflines, the prominence of the central fireplace, and "the destruction of the box" open floorplans. The Adler and Sullivan firm was just the right place to be for a young man aspiring to be a great architect, as it was at the leading edge of American architecture at the time. Wright started his own firm in 1893 after being fired from Adler and Sullivan, first working out of the Schiller building (designed by Adler and Sullivan) and then out of a studio which was built onto his home in Oak Park, an affluent suburb of Chicago which is located just to the west of the center of the city. Between 1893 and 1901, 49 buildings designed by Wright were built. During this period he began to develop his ideas which would come together in his "Prairie House" concept(1 Compton). Into 1909, he developed and refined the prairie style. Frank Lloyd Wright founded the â€Å"prairie school† of architecture, and his art of this early productive period in

Rene Descartes & Faith and Reason Essay -- Essays Papers

Rene Descartes & Faith and Reason The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed a colossal transition in the scientific view of the universe. During this period a profound rethinking of scientific theory as well as moral and religious matters took place. Traditional ideas were reconsidered by religious thinkers. Philosophers began applying rational scientific thought to problems that they considered. The main concept of the Scientific Revolution was to "question everything". The Scientific Revolution was an elaborate movement. Many brilliant people with a wealth of new ideas contributed to this movement. The French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist Rene Descartes was one of these people. Rene Descartes was born March 31, 1596 in Touraine, France. He was born to a mother who, at the time, had tuberculosis and died of it a year later. As a result of his mother's condition, Rene was very frail and suffered from dry coughs all of his life. Rene’s father, Joachim Descartes, was an established lawyer as well as a councilor of the parliament in Rennes 1. Descartes was educated at the Jesuit school of La Flà ¨che in Anjou. He enrolled in the college at the tender age of eight years. During his eight years there, his passion for learning burned brightly. He over-achieved in all of his studies, especially in mathematics and physics. Descartes also received a proficient education in classical languages, literature, and traditional Aristotelian philosophy. Because of his fragile condition he was granted permission to remain in bed until 12 o'clock noon, rather than being awakened at dawn as the other students were. To be sure he didn't rouse too late, Descartes woke himself early and then spent the morning reading, taki... ...eived analytic geometry and established the Cartesian curves and Cartesian coordinates. To algebra he contributed the convention of exponent notation and the treatment of negative roots. Perhaps no other intellectual movement was more significant for the future of European and western civilization. Footnotes 1. Cottingham, John. Descartes. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. 2. Same as 1 3. Same as 1 4. Same as 1 5. Morgan, Vance G. Foundations of Cartesian Ethics. New Jersey: Humanities, 1994 6. Sorell, Tom. Descartes. Oxford: Oxford, 1987 7. Same as 6 Works Cited - Cottingham, John. Reason, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes’s Metaphysics. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. - Jolley, Nicholas. The Light of the Soul. Oxford: Clarndon, 1990 - Tierno, Joel Thomas. Descartes on God and Human Error. New Jersey: Humanities, 1997 Rene Descartes & Faith and Reason Essay -- Essays Papers Rene Descartes & Faith and Reason The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed a colossal transition in the scientific view of the universe. During this period a profound rethinking of scientific theory as well as moral and religious matters took place. Traditional ideas were reconsidered by religious thinkers. Philosophers began applying rational scientific thought to problems that they considered. The main concept of the Scientific Revolution was to "question everything". The Scientific Revolution was an elaborate movement. Many brilliant people with a wealth of new ideas contributed to this movement. The French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist Rene Descartes was one of these people. Rene Descartes was born March 31, 1596 in Touraine, France. He was born to a mother who, at the time, had tuberculosis and died of it a year later. As a result of his mother's condition, Rene was very frail and suffered from dry coughs all of his life. Rene’s father, Joachim Descartes, was an established lawyer as well as a councilor of the parliament in Rennes 1. Descartes was educated at the Jesuit school of La Flà ¨che in Anjou. He enrolled in the college at the tender age of eight years. During his eight years there, his passion for learning burned brightly. He over-achieved in all of his studies, especially in mathematics and physics. Descartes also received a proficient education in classical languages, literature, and traditional Aristotelian philosophy. Because of his fragile condition he was granted permission to remain in bed until 12 o'clock noon, rather than being awakened at dawn as the other students were. To be sure he didn't rouse too late, Descartes woke himself early and then spent the morning reading, taki... ...eived analytic geometry and established the Cartesian curves and Cartesian coordinates. To algebra he contributed the convention of exponent notation and the treatment of negative roots. Perhaps no other intellectual movement was more significant for the future of European and western civilization. Footnotes 1. Cottingham, John. Descartes. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. 2. Same as 1 3. Same as 1 4. Same as 1 5. Morgan, Vance G. Foundations of Cartesian Ethics. New Jersey: Humanities, 1994 6. Sorell, Tom. Descartes. Oxford: Oxford, 1987 7. Same as 6 Works Cited - Cottingham, John. Reason, Will, and Sensation: Studies in Descartes’s Metaphysics. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. - Jolley, Nicholas. The Light of the Soul. Oxford: Clarndon, 1990 - Tierno, Joel Thomas. Descartes on God and Human Error. New Jersey: Humanities, 1997

Its Just a Game :: Essays Papers

It's Just a Game Often you don’t realize how much something means to you until it’s gone. Maybe it’s your first baseball hat, the Boston Red Sox one with the rip in back and the faded lettering, that you finally out grew. Or Grandpa Joe, he read you the comics every Saturday as you sat on his lap, who grew too old and passed on. Sure it was your favorite hat and of course you loved your grandpa, but for some reason in order to fully capture their importance, you first had to lose them. It’s a little depressing to think in this way. It might even make you want to avoid forming a close relationship with Grandpa Joe, so that once he’s gone you don’t have to deal with the sudden realization of how much he really meant to you. But, if you really think about it, having your favorite baseball hat while it still fits and having your grandpa around probably outweighed the feelings of loss once they were gone. But the idea that realization sometimes comes after a loss is very true. While your grandpa was still alive you devoted your time to just enjoying his company, but now that he has passed you spend your time remembering the good times you had. This is a reasonable and natural thing to do and it’s also the reason why you had never thought about how much you loved your grandfather until you can no longer sit on his lap and read the comics. You were just too busy having a good time with him to ever think about. So, what if you had the chance to give your grandpa the gift of immortality but you would never truly realize how much you really loved him  ­ would you do it? Maybe the baseball hat is a better example since it doesn’t involve human life. Would you want to have that hat forever but never really know how much it meant to you? Well, I tried to apply this to a situation in my life, and I really couldn’t decide  ­ I needed a combination of both. My most powerful experience with this â€Å"realization phenomenon† came after my final high school basketball

Different Types of Business Information and Their Sources Essay

Merseytravel uses a lot of different communications to communicate with people, which includes; verbal, written, on-screen, multimedia and web-based communication. Using these five different types of communications, Merseytravel can communicate with other people using different ways to communicate which includes technology and face-to-face. Verbal Communication in Merseytravel Verbal communication in Merseytravel can be used several ways, like advisory panels, telephone or face-to-face to verbal communicate. Verbal communication is very important for the reason being that you are dealing with a variety of people through out the day. In some cases you may deal with people who have different culture, ages and with different levels of experience. An important verbal communication that Merseytravel use frequently is; Advisory panels. Advisory panels are used by Merseytravel which acts as meetings where each of the five district councils come together and have a verbal meeting which includes; Knowsley, Liverpool, St Helens, Sefton and Wirral. Meetings of the advisory panels are held on a quarterly basis, which in the meeting include verbal communication about how Merseytravel can improve. The main objective of the advisory panels is when verbal communicating to each other they can update each others knowledge, like how their markets are developing, what the eco nomy is doing and what new laws are being passed that might affect the way they operate. The source of the verbal communication is Merseytravels meeting room where the advisory panels take place. The reason why advisory panels take place is so Merseytravel can get together and discuss on how to improve them-selves. Advantages of verbal communication: It’s easier to communicate verbally than any other way because you get to understand every detail that is being spoken by the other person. In Merseytravel customers communicate with the staff members this is an advantage because they get to ask questions if they don’t understand the instructions clearly. Disadvantages of verbal communication A disadvantage for this type if communication in Merseytravel is when a language barrier occurs, if one person does not understand the other due to the fact that he or she does not speak English or does not cope with the accent so that will cause a poor communication between the staff member and the customer like on the ferry service etc. Overall, verbal communication is important in Merseytravel as they can get together like in their advisory panels and discuss to each other about Merseytravel and how they can improve etc, which using verbal communication, it easy to get information across to each other than using of communications like web-based. Verbal communication in Merseytravel is internal as the advisory panels are just to do with Merseytravel but other verbal communication in Merseytravel is external when a customer wants to be a stakeholder. Web-based communication in Merseytravel Web-based communication is communication over the web. Web-based communication includes E-mail, Train alerts and bus alerts etc. Web-based applications are used on Merseytravels website which includes the train alerts etc. Web-based communication is good because people can access the web from wherever they are now days because people have mobile broadband. Train alerts are an important web-based communication in Merseytravel. For people travelling around all the time, web-based communication can be important to them. For example, if the person is out travelling and wants to see that the trains are running fine, then they can access web-based communication by going on Merseytravels website and clicking on the hyperlink on the side leading to the train alerts and can find out the information they wanted to know all using web-based communication. The source of web-based communication is a hyperlink from the side of Merseytravels website, called: ‘Train alerts’. The reason why Merseytravel have a hyperlink to ‘Train alerts’ is because people can check the train alerts if they are outdoors and need to get a train somewhere and so can easily access train alerts and check to see if the train they need is running fine and on time. Advantages of web-based communication The public can access Merseytravels web-based information wherever they are to find out on Merseytravels latest information like, get up to date on the latest train and bus alerts etc. Disadvantages of web-based communication: Not everyone can access the web because they may not have broadband, therefore cannot get the latest news on Merseytravel etc. Overall, Web-based communication is a good way to communicate to the public as a lot of people can access the web wherever they are and can get update on Merseytravel’s latest information wherever they are which is very mobile, although people who don’t have the access to the web cannot access this information which is a disadvantage to Merseytravel. Written communication in Merseytravel Written communication in Merseytravel can be used several ways like giving out surveys and leaflets to the customers. Written communication can be just as important as verbal or non-verbal communication. You can’t take back what you say, but you also can’t take back what you write. People ten thousand miles away from me right now may also be reading this very thing I’m reading about the Merseytravel leaflet, so written communication in Merseytravel is very mobile and people far away can read it. Merseytravel uses written communication when researching community views. Merseytravel wants new passengers and wants to promote their services to the public and so frequent passenger surveys are provided to the customers which are written communication and the customer filling out the survey can put their feedback on it in written communication so Merseytravel can improve. The source of these surveys may be given out to passengers on the train to get the customers feedbacks on how Merseytravels train are operating to see if they need improving etc. The reason why the surveys are giving out on the trains is because Merseytravel want the customer’s feedback on what they feel about their trains and since they are on the train they are more likely to get better feedback than if Merseytravel was to ask people to fill in a survey about their trains who where just walking in the town centre. Advantages of written communication †¢ Written communication helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for running of an organization. †¢ It is a permanent means of communication. Thus, it is useful where record maintenance is required. †¢ It assists in proper delegation of responsibilities. While in case of oral communication, it is impossible to fix and delegate responsibilities on the grounds of speech as it can be taken back by the speaker or he may refuse to acknowledge. †¢ Written communication is more precise and explicit. Disadvantages of written communication †¢ Written communication does not save upon the costs. It costs huge in terms of stationery and the manpower employed in writing/typing and delivering letters. †¢ Written communication is time-consuming as the feedback is not immediate. The encoding and sending of message takes time. †¢ Effective written communication requires great skills and competencies in language and vocabulary use. Poor writing skills and quality have a negative impact on organization’s reputation. Multimedia communication in Merseytravel Multimedia communication in Merseytravel is used on their website a lot. On promotions and attractions on Merseytravels website they have are attractions around Merseyside, and if you click on one like the ‘u-boat story’ it shows a multimedia context. When you click on the ‘u-boat story’ a presentation slide comes up and flicks through all pictures of the ‘u-boat story’. This presentation slide communicates to the public through pictures which is a multimedia way of communication and can give the public a good insight to what the’ u-boat story’ is about by just viewing the pictures. The source of this information is on Merseytravels website there is a link to promotions and attractions and then a link to the ‘u-boat story’. The reason why the u-boat story is on merseytravels website is because people who tend to use their website will be tourist wanting to find out how they can travel somewhere and so having promotions and attractions on their website, will encourage them to click on it and find out about local attractions and by merseytravel allowing the u-boat story to be a multimedia communication, people on the website viewing it can get a good feel of what it is like which will encourage them to go see it more than if it was just written communication as it would seem boring and you would not know what it would be like. Advantages of multimedia communication in Merseytravel †¢ Enhancement of Text Only Messages: Multimedia enhances text only presentations by adding interesting sounds and compelling visuals. †¢ Improves over Traditional Audio-Video Presentations: Audiences are more attentive to multimedia messages than traditional presentations done with slides or overhead transparencies. †¢ Gains and Holds Attention: People are more interested in multimedia messages which combine the elements of text, audio, graphics and video. Disadvantages of multimedia communication †¢ Expensive †¢ Not always easy to configure †¢ Requires special hardware †¢ Not always compatible Overall Multimedia communication in my opinion is a very good way to communicate, because people like to watch presentations and videos as it is a lot more interesting than verbal communication where you just listen to someone speak or written communication where you just read as it is very boring and so multimedia communication will make people watch it as it’s more interesting. On-screen communication in Merseytravel On-screen communication involves communicating from a screen, like a TV, computer screen etc. In Merseytravel there are several ways they communicate using on-screen communication. When standing on the platform at the train station, there is a screen on the platform which is on-screen communication as on the screen it tells you the train times, therefore it is communicating to you through on-screen information because your are getting the train times from the screen. The source of this on-screen information will be on the train station platform where the public can see what the train times are when waiting for the train. The reason why there are train times on the platform is so the public can see when waiting for the train how long they have until the train comes. The train times are on-screen because they can easily be updated electronically for the wait time of the train. Advantages of on-screen communication †¢ A large number of people can watch the presentation for example, and receive information from it. †¢ Can easily be updated †¢ The text can be easily understood because it’s electronic Disadvantages of on-screen communication †¢ May not work if there is a power-cut etc. †¢ You will have to keep referring back to the source to find out the information rather than a beneficial paper based copy for you personal viewing. Going back to the screen may prove time consuming. Overall on-screen information is a good way to communicate in my opinion because it can easily be updated and easily understood and will be more reliable than a piece of paper with the times on as the on-screen information can easily be updates if the train times get delayed etc.

Advertisement Essay Essay

Anywhere a person looks; there will always be some form of advertisement. Billboards, posters, fliers, and other forms of media are visible almost everywhere. Advertising is a mass communication in the world today, and has been around since 1841. Whether people agree with it or not, it’s not going anywhere. Advertisements are essentially everywhere. No one can go anywhere without seeing at least one advertisement. They’re placed on radios, TVs, magazines and even billboards. Advertisers pay media companies to place their ads in such places and therefore the media companies make money off their ads. Advertiser’s main purpose is to influence the consumer to buy their product. They may lie about the product to make it sound better so more people would want to buy it. It can mislead the consumers to believe that any given product can make them popular, or beautiful. I don’t necessarily like advertisements, but I don’t like them either. Advertisements are everywhere, and it’s your choice to read and believe them or not read and not believe them. I agree, they are misleading but how else would people know about a new product or new improved or additions? Advertising exerts a large impact on us, bringing about good and bad consequences in people’s life. An example would be, if you were looking through the summer edition of a magazine and you see a Hollister advertisement on a page and the models are in bathing suits, in which they are all fairly skinny. If you were a little meatier than them you would probably think to yourself â€Å"I wish I was that skinny.† Or â€Å"I wish I looked like that.† That’s the bad consequence about advertising. There’s a huge impact on teens while looking through their favorite magazine or even watching TV. Another reason I feel advertising isn’t the best is, it can mislead the consumer into wasting money on something that either doesnâ₠¬â„¢t work or will end up breaking. The good side to advertising is it can let people know about free clinics, blood drives, and events coming up in the area. Of course, it’s not going to tell you everything about the event or clinic because an advertisement is  something brief about it, and they’re trying to get you to be interested about it. Some companies sponsor charity events or sport events to advertise with blimps, airplane signs; on-screen ads and even t-shirts in exchange for free advertising. If you were to think about every ad you’ve read, there really isn’t a limit to it. They really don’t care how vulgar or misinterpreting it could be, they’re getting paid for it so whatever they have to do to get your attention, they will. Advertisement should have a limit of what they can put on ads.

Immigration in the 1920’s

The way people were treated in the early 1920s would be considered outrageous today, but the discrimination has not come to a hault just yet. After carrying on for years, immigration laws are still being established today. Immigration has had a huge impact on modern day America because it created the quota laws, which have successfully helped the immigrants find their place in this society today, and discrimination has decreased dramatically, but has not concealed itself from this problem completely. The immigrants wanting to come to our country saw our world as a new start or even a new life for them, that’s when 1920s they decided to take immigration laws to the extreme to keep the massive flow of people out, â€Å"In 1919 a bill was introduced to suspend all immigration entirely while congress worked out a permanent plan for a more tightly restrictive policy† (Wepman 242). Although this law was only temporary, just shortly after more things started changing, â€Å"Signed by President Harding on May 19, 1921 called ‘the most important turning-point in American immigration history. An act to limit the immigration of aliens into the United States. † (Wepman 242). The limiting of the immigrants into the United States wasn’t the worst part, â€Å"One of the most painful results of the new quota restrictions was that they made no distinctions for personal relationships and often seperated families. †(Wepman 244). With of the family troubles that the immigrants had to deal with, â€Å"After the civil war the former slaves began to drift away from the rural south, where more than 90 percent of the black population of the United States had lived in antebellum era. †(Archdeacon 131).Even though right before World War I started, â€Å"Immigration dropped to new lows. During the 1930’s the annual quota was never completely filled, the total numbering less than 100,000 a year, and many emigrated out of the country. †(Daniels 247). With all these quota laws and such, that didn’t stop the discrimination from occurring. Many things with discrimination and the process of going through Ellis Island changed a lot over the 1920s. After World War I the immigration level reached an all time high after the lull during the war. â€Å"The Immigration Act of 1924 created a permanent quota system (that of 1921 was only temporary), educing the 1921 annual quota from 358,000 to 164,000. † (Wepman 243). Eventually they negotiated enough and got the number of immigrants down to 154,000.The whole point of the quota acts was to maintain the â€Å"character† of the United States. Although President Johnson wanted to eliminate all immigration not everyone did, â€Å"The unions, which had approved Johnson’s idea of banning all immigration, accepted it as a good compromise, and the New York Daily news applauded it for its protection of American job market from a flood of aliens willing to work for low wages. (Wepman 242). Now, as we are in the 21st century, and the economy at one of its lowest points, the immigrants of the world today are lucky to get a job with a minimum wage pay or even a job because of their race. After all these new laws were set, they had to have some kind of protection to keep the immigrants out, that is when they created Border Patrol. There was an over flow of laborers coming from the South which resulted in the establishment of U. S. Border Patrol on May 8, 1924.The Border Patrol consisted of over 450 officers; â€Å"Their main job was to ride the Mexican border on horseback seeking out smugglers and the hiding places of illegal aliens. †(Tischauser 100). Not only did they create the Border Patrol, they mad a ten-dollar visa fee with an additional six-dollar head tax for each applicant trying to get through. That new rule alone limited down the number of people to cross the border because only very few Mexicans made enough money to pay that fee. â€Å"During the first three years of operation, the Border Patrol turned back an annual average of fifteen thousand Mexicans seeking illegal entry. †(Tischauser 100).These numbers looked great for congress but the number of illegal immigrants started to become outrageously large, â€Å"Because of such fears, Congress, in 1929, voted to double the size of the Border Patrol and demanded a crackdown on illegal entry, and increased Border security. †(Tischauser 101). Although the 1920s was filled with glamour, there were other sides to this nation with horrible discrimination and racial issues. The Ku Klux Klan was a racist group of people that would do anything and go to any extreme to get the racial segregation they wanted and the white supremacy.There are over 40 different Klan groups that have previously xisted, â€Å"At first, the Ku Klux Klan focused its anger and violence on African-Americans, on white Americans who stood up for them, and against the federal government which supported their rights. Subsequent incarnations of the Klan, which typically emerged in times of rapid social change, added more categories to its enemies list, including Jews, Catholics, homosexuals, and different groups of immigrants. † (Anti-Defamation League). Throughout the years, the Klan had reached over four million members and just as they hit their peak, until people started realizing how racially absurd this group of Klansmen really was.Not shortly after that the Klan had split at the Democratic presidential convention and the public did not heed this very well, â€Å"by the end of the 20's, a power struggle among the top positions of the Klan caused the group to split. The Klan quickly fizzled out with the conviction of the head of the Indiana Klan. Only a handful of Klansmen was the remainder of the millions that so previously had approved of the Klan's violent acts† (Keeney). After all was said and done, the simplest way to put the KKK was, â€Å"they became champions of vigilante justice against bootleggers, wife-beaters, and adulters. (Keeney). Although the Klu Klux Klan â€Å"saw themselves as protecting the American family† (Kenney 1), many of the quota laws would set immigration up to fail. In our society today, we could have possibly reached an all time low in racism. In the state of Arizona, the governor has now passed a very sketchy law, â€Å"It requires police officers, â€Å"when practicable,† to detain people they reasonably suspect are in the country without authorization and to verify their status with federal officials, unless doing so would hinder an investigation or emergency medical treatment. †(New York Times). Having the discrimination back in the 1920s has carried on throughout the years, to the point where if a person walking down the street looks slightly Hispanic, police can demand to see documents that prove you are a citizen of this country that we live in. Immigrants’ back then thought they had it bad, the United States now bring all that racial hate back. . Immigration has had a huge impact on modern day America by setting the quota laws, the immigration acts, creating Border Patrol, and by trying to help people realize that even though you are from a different racial descent, you are still just as important as anyone else. Even though people may look at those of different ethnicities as less capable to do your job, they are actually the ones that are doing all the dirty work that we don’t want to do, so in the long run, we should be thanking them. Although Arizona has brought about the discrimination again, mostly throughout the United States people keep their hateful comments to themselves, and you don’t really find many gang members out there anymore, but everyone walking down the street should watch their back because you never know what’s coming for you. Works CitedArchdeacon, Thomas J. Becoming American. New York: The Free Press, 1983Daniels, Roger. Coming to America. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1990Wepman, Dennis. Immigration: From the founding of Virginia to the closing of Ellis Island. New York: Facts on File Inc. , 2002Strelssguth, Thomas. The Roaring Twenties. New York: Facts on File Inc. , 2001â€Å"Racism in the 1920s: The rise of the KKK and anti-immigration. † Kim Kenney. 15 January 2009, 2 May 2010. http://americanhistory. suite101. com/article. cfm/racism_in_the_1920sâ€Å"Racial and Ethnic Discrimination† 2 May 2010. http://law. jrank. org/pages/9625/Racial-Ethnic-Discrimination. html

Information Gathering Obu Essay

Every Research Report requires information as the basis for analysis. Information sources can be categorised as either primary or secondary data. There is no requirement for you to collect primary data within your Research Report; it is wholly acceptable to undertake your Research Report using only secondary data. The difference between primary and secondary data is identified below. Primary data is original data that has been collected by a researcher by whatever means appropriate in the answer of a specific research question. . e. it has been collected specifically for the Research Report. Examples of primary data include questionnaires, interviews, e-mail contacts and surveys. If you decide to collect primary data as part of your research work, then you should state and justify the following: ? The data collection techniques you intend to use e. g. questionnaires, interviews. ? Your sample size and an outline of your sampling strategy. ? The method you will use to select your samp le and the likely response rate. If you intend to collect primary data from staff within your chosen organisation you must obtain permission to do this from a senior member of staff within the organisation. You should do this as early as possible during your Research Report, since if you are denied access to your desired information sources you may have to reconsider how to meet your project objectives and research questions. Secondary data is data that has been collected by others for their own purposes, but which may be used by a researcher for his or her different purposes. Examples of secondary data include reference material, books, CD ROMs and financial statements. You should always evaluate the appropriateness and relevance of secondary data sources. Information included in internet sources may not be reliable from an academic perspective and may not be appropriate for use in your Research Report. If you decide to use secondary data as part of your research work, you should state and justify your choice to do so. Where you use published secondary data you must provide precise references using the Harvard Referencing System. This is discussed in more detail in the following section. You must retain all of the information that you collected during your project work until you have received official notification of your RAP grade from Oxford Brookes University. This includes any questionnaire responses, copies of financial statements, extracts from journals, reports, magazines etc. Oxford Brookes University may wish to ask you to provide additional evidence of your information gathering following the marking of your Research and Analysis project.

Iraqi arrest perpetrators of saydet al najat church Assignment

Iraqi arrest perpetrators of saydet al najat church - Assignment Example The church building is easy to track as it is one of the two in the Muslim neighborhood located in Baghdad, Iraq. in the At the church grounds, everything appeared normal. The church compound was silent; an individual could hear a pin drop. We proceeded to get a seat in the church as the Sunday proceeding had got underway and the preacher was giving the sermon. Approximately ten minutes into the sermon, a commotion got heard from outside the church. A car screeched into the compound, and there was hesitation by the preacher in his speech. The sound of boots hitting the ground outside the got heard from within the church building. Everyone in the building got visibly terrified from the facial expressions. Shouting from outside the church could now get heard too. The shouting together with the sounds of the boots neared the church building entrance (Pope, 2002). The preacher had by now stopped preaching. He asked the ushers to head outside and check on what was taking place. No sooner had the first usher got to the entrance, that gun sounds got heard. Everyone in the church started running helter skelter looking for a hiding place and heading out of the building via other church exits. Everything was happening so fast while time appeared to halt. My husband had meanwhile taken the child and lay under a church bench. I quickly followed suit! The shooting got rampant as cries got louder. Bullets were flying all over the building as evidenced by a shell that fell just besides me under the seat. My husband held our daughter’s mouth to prevent her from wailing. As the gunmen ceased to fire, they quickly ran out of the building shouting to each other in jubilant mood. Ten minutes passed, and not a soul moved about in the church. Police sirens got heard from outside the compound. Within seconds, police got in the building asking those still hiding to come out. There was hesitation at first, but slowly people crept out of their hiding places. The devastation was c lear, dead bodies got left scattered in the church. Bullet shells lay all over the building (Pope, 2002). Blood marks were everywhere. The police led the survivors into waiting police cars as they continued with their investigation. News crews had gathered outside as survivors got received by counselors. My family and I got taken for a check up in a nearby ambulance. This experience could get described as twenty minutes in hell. Fast forward a month later and hundreds of Iraqi Muslims and Christians in Baghdad's Karrada neighborhood take to the streets in celebration. This followed the announcement that the perpetrators of the attacks on the Sayedat al-Najat Church got arrested. Residents of the neighborhood that saw the October 31st attacks launched fireworks and played patriotic songs in cafes, shops and residences. Al-Qaeda leader arrested The Iraqi Ministry of Interior announced the arrest of the terrorist cell that gets believed to be responsible for the attack that targeted th e church in central Baghdad late last month. Scores of people got killed and wounded. Security forces made the arrests during a raid on November 24th at dawn targeting a residential building in the al-Dawoodi neighborhood in central Baghdad. The building got used by the suspects as headquarters, Maj. Gen. Ragheef, director of internal affairs, Ministry of Interior, said in a press conference held Saturday evening in Baghdad (Pope, 2002). Ragheef said the group consisted of 12 suspected terrorists,

Procrastination (Time Management) Personal Analysis Essay

Procrastination (Time Management) Personal Analysis - Essay Example Personally, my forms of procrastination are leaving my studies until the last minute as well as checking my mails and not replying them straight away. Having identified my forms of procrastination, I am planning to classify my objectives into smaller divisions that will be easier to do to stop procrastinating (Perry 2012, p.45). For instance, instead of waiting for the weekend to do a three hours studying, I am planning to take twenty minutes each day to go through my studies. This will ensure that I develop a culture of studying by doing so more regularly. Additionally, I am planning to get into the mindset that every task I do has a value (Arenson 2009, p.342) and this will help me not to feel that I am wasting my time when I reply to a single mail. I also plan to define my boundaries and allocate time to work, play and rest while ensuring that none of the three consumes time meant for the other (Andreou & White 2010,

Summaries of the articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summaries of the articles - Essay Example The program is a survey based effort that has evolved out of the initial programs of the 1980s. The survey has a web based program that gathers information from working pharmacists and categorizes them in 1 of 25 categories. The findings are then published in an effort to aid current and future pharmacists in designing their own career path. In addition, the report is broken down between pharmacist and pharmaceutical scientist. In addition to listing areas as diverse as teaching and management, the findings report on workers' job satisfaction, workload, and demographics. In an article titled New Perspective Urged to Combat Resistant Microbes author Kate Traynor reports on the recent efforts to make antimicrobial effectiveness a public health priority. The author states that antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to public health and the article urges "antimicrobial effectiveness be treated as a natural resource, much like oil, fish, or forests" (p.1248). The importance of the issue is highlighted by Ramanan Laxminarayan, a senior fellow at the prestigious Resources for the Future who is quoted as saying "Antibiotic resistance is an immediate threat to public health" (p.1246). Laxminarayan calls for the implementation of a new government policy. The article pointed out that reducing microbial resistanc... The author states that the role of the pharmacist is pivotal in the process as they are in a position to encourage appropriate use of antimicrobials, and reduce the incidence of the over prescribing that encourages resistance. In addition, pharmacists should work with health care facilities to minimize antimicrobial exposure, while protecting the patient. Atopic March to a Dead End or Does the Theory Really Have Legs Author Frederic R. Curtiss challenges the long held belief that atopic dermatitis (AD) precedes the development of asthma in an article titled Atopic March to a Dead End or Does the Theory Really Have Legs Curtiss relies on the expert opinion of Hywel Williams, Foundation Professor of Dermato-Epidemiology at the Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology at the University of Nottingham's Queen's Medical Centre's NHS Trust. Professor Williams states there is still the conventional wisdom in regards to the 'atopic march' in which AD progresses to atopic manifestations (AM). Williams argues that , "he was not aware of any clinical trial that has evaluated the effectiveness of early aggressive treatment of AD as a means to prevent or mollify AMs such as food allergy, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and asthma" (p.810). He contends there is simply not enough evidence to confirm the 'atopic march'. One of the problems in the attempt to confirm this effect is the reliance on existing health care records and their limitations. Curtiss contends that, "It is healthy for readers to keep in mind that administrative claims were not intended to be used for research that implies accuracy and precision in coding for diagnoses and that administrative claims research necessarily suffers from

Music from Baroque to Romantic Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music from Baroque to Romantic Period - Essay Example Classical music is a category of music composed and produced in and embedded in the traditions of the western practices and secular music. In addition it is characterized by the use of wind instruments. This period led to the growth of a variety of presentation and style, Piano as the primary keyboard instrument and types of music composition. Music writing on chambers became more common and involved many performers like 8-10, Opera become recognized in countries such as Italy, France and Germany speaking states and humorist opera became common. Major composers during this period were Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven, Clive, Peter. †¨Mozart was classic music composer, conductor and violinist and music teacher between 1719 -1787.Beethoven was a music composer and pianist from Germany and an influential composer world wide. Initially he was not a composer as he spent most of his time playing the piano and violin under the assistance of Joseph Hayden who was an Austrian most famous and creative music composer from 1732-1809 of classic rhymes especially in courts where he sang for rich Hungarians. Due to his significant role he was commonly called father of symphony and string quartet. Further, he was influential in the growth of piano trio and growth of sonata form, Clive, P. Romantic music was distinguished by melody and rhythm, expressive and emotional aspects. In the 19th century it was commonly referred as the period of the period of classical music in Europe since it is the era when Ludwig wrote his Erotic Symphony.

Musicals in the West End Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Musicals in the West End - Essay Example Before presenting any logical argument, it is inherent to carry out a practical check on the shows currently running in the West End theatres and those lined up for production later in the year. According to the London Theatre Online by Darren Daglish, there are 23 musicals, 13 comedies, and 11 dramas (or straight plays if you like) currently running. Mathematically, this translates to 48% musicals, 28% comedies, and 24% drama. At this point, one might conclude that there many musicals shows than the other two classes. However, there is a list of shows lined up for production this year, including 9 musicals, 11 comedies, and 37 plays: or 16% musicals, 20% comedies, and 64% dramas [2]. Clearly, plays still dominate the theatre time if these statistics are anything to go by. While there may be repetition of some musicals such as Billy Eliot, Blood Brothers, and Jersey Boys, there is a relatively few number of repetition of plays. Actually, there are fifteen musicals repetitions with on ly six repeated plays. Thus, it would be inaccurate to say that the West End harbours more musicals than other subsidised theatres. However, one must bear in mind that musicals have relatively long runs than plays. Thus, there may not necessarily be a 64% increase in the number of plays. Dominance of musicals Another interesting statistic is that about two-thirds of the straight plays currently showing or planned for production show in subsidized theatres, with only seven and two musicals. Therefore, there will be around 30 musicals, 17 comedies, and 16 straight plays in the commercial theatres. Certainly, this is not a show of unhealthy competition and dominance by musicals! Essentially, the dominant nature of musicals in the West End theatres is a perception rather than a matter of fact. To prove this practically, try asking any average person about any showing musicals in the West End theatres and majority will mention Billy Elliot, Jersey Boys, and The Lion King [3]. The person may also mention Cats and Les Mis, and probably Beauty and the Beast. Similarly, ask the people to mention a few straight plays in the same theatres would probably respond by naming just a single play and add the typical â€Å"some Shakespeare.† This highlights the enormous interest that the public has for musicals as compared to straight plays at all levels, with the exception of real theatrical devotee

Sustainable Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Marketing - Essay Example On the other side marketing can contribute in the development and diffusion of sustainable innovations in the form of use of solar energy, organic food, use of renewable energy resources and energy conservation. The main issue related to sustainability marketing is the way by which an organization can develop sustainable products and market those products or services in such a way which would improve the consumer perception as well as well being (Ottman, 1992, p. 301). The present study has been conducted in lieu to analyze the evolution of the concept of "sustainability marketing". The study includes evaluation of the importance of sustainable marketing practices in the modern day business environment. Over the course of study various contemporary researches related the topic of sustainable marketing has been analyzed. Also some of the most popular sustainable marketing practices of some of the modern day companies have been analyzed. The study also looks to explore the implication of the research in the area of sustainable marketing practices. This study is of great significance keeping in mind that there is a paradigm of shift in the consumer behaviour along with the environmental issues such as global warming as presently the customers seem to prefer to be with companies that are providing environment friendly products (Kotler, 2009, p.191). Critical review of key literature Sustainability marketing supports the idea of sustainable development that meets the requirements of the present without harming the capabilities of the future to the meet the own future requirements. Meeting the demand of the present refers to the intra-generational equity. Therefore sustainability marketing is a continuous process, as sustainability marketing takes the demands of the future generation into account. Sustainability marketing has three main components such as the social, environmental and economic. There has been a lot of talk about the â€Å"win-win-win† situatio n which mainly focuses on the overlapping area of economic social and environmental goals. Sustainable marketing focuses on striking the right balance social, environmental and economic goals. Marketing is defined as a developing long lasting and profitable customer relationship. Modern marketing looks to analyze the demands of the customers by provide offering as per the demands. But, sustainability marketing goes beyond conventional marketing thought process (Coddington, 1993, p. 229). Figure 1 Conventional and Sustainability Marketing If marketing is about meeting the demands of the customers and developing profitable relationships with the end users, then sustainability marketing could be defined as developing and maintaining sustainable relationships with the customers as well as with the elements of the social and natural environment. By developing environmental and social values sustainability marketing looks to create value proposition for the customers. In this way sustaina bility marketing looks to meet the â€Å"triple bottom line† by creating customers, social and environmental values (Ottman, 1998, p. 291). Figure 2 Different elements of sustainable marketing Sustainability Marketing looks to integrate ecological and social criteria into the total process of marketing. From managerial perspective six steps are mainly involved in the conception of the sustainability marketing Figure 3 Conception of Sustainable Marketing The first step

Personal Philosophy of higher education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Philosophy of higher education - Essay Example In particular, learning is an evolutionary process that enables the humans to survive naturally under this phenomenon, and individuals lacking in such natural skill are dead. On the other hand, education is a wider concept existing in contrast with the phenomenon of learning, as it includes different aspects that are absent in learning, such as teaching, knowledge, discipline, and procedural proficiency (Daniels, 1996). In other words, education involves intellectual, ethical, and artistic development of individuals, and thus is a process of creating hierarchy among people, families, societies based on certain principles. In this regard, it is very imperative that educators and scholars should put some efforts to distinguish the two different notions that might enable them to improve and enhance the effectiveness of current higher education system. Besides, in the past, higher education system had no requirement of global perspective; however, it is an understanding that after huge advancements in the field of science and information technology, it has now become essential to include a global perspective in the philosophy of higher education. In addition, until today, higher education institutions, particular universities are still enjoying the status of stable bodies, although there might be an alteration in their forms, however, higher education institutions will always enjoy their importance and demand in the human society. One of the reasons of such significance will be their crucial role in providing extensive interpretation of a number of things that do not make sense in the world. However, as the world is changing its form, the term stable itself has become unstable, and constancy is now becoming a short-term phenomenon. In the result, there has been a constant alteration in personal philosophy of higher education since the day one until today that is something very constructive, and it is an understanding that this process of change

Five Forces Model for Industry Analysis Essay Example for Free

Five Forces Model for Industry Analysis Essay New Entrants The online bookstore industry that Amazon.com has pioneered in was, at first, very hard to penetrate. There were different barriers such as distributing capabilities and the variety of the selection offered that are supposed to be hurdled. Amazon successfully solved the tricky parameters as being the first one to get into the whole idea of online retail. With being the first, they had the luxury to set what were the norms for the industry. Factors that may lower these barrier tactics would be a wider selection and the ability to go to an actual bookstore to exchange or return books or other products. This network of actual retail spaces makes it easier for the consumer to return or exchange the products they were not satisfied with. These handicaps of Amazon were the basis for the emergence of book retail giants Barnes and Noble and Borders in the online shopping industry. Industry Competitors The major competitors of Amazon are Barnes and Noble and Borders. Barnes and Noble is a retail giant offering books and CDs both in their outlets all over the country. It opened their online industry in 1997 and has become the fourth largest e-commerce sites today. Focused largely on the sale of books, music, software, magazines, prints, posters, and related products, the company has capitalized on the recognized brand value of the Barnes Noble name to become the second largest, and one of the fastest growing, online distributors of books. Their advantage to Amazon is the brand name and the availability of actual retail outlets in which consumers could go in to exchange or return products easily. They also have an established book selection based in their retail operations. Borders is another multi-media retail store found in major cities around the country. Started out as a small bookshop in the college town of Ann Arbor, Michigan, it has since expanded into one of the finest bookstores. In 1992,  Borders was bought by the Kmart group which further flourished the company into a Multi Media Giant with a wide selection of Audio, Video and Books found throughout the United States. The Online Bookstore industry have become a fierce business which involves discounts, varied selections and fast delivery in which all three companies are challenging each other. Buyers The consumers of this industry can be found in every corner of the population. These are mostly people who have had some form of higher education and have access to the Internet and computers. The segment of online shoppers has increased dramatically in recent years due to the convenience of shopping in the comforts of the home and the accessibility of the Internet. These developments have made it easier for consumers to log on and buy on the Internet. Consumers also tend to compare prices among the retail leaders such that buyers are able to buy products with very big discounts compared to ones bought in actual retail outlets. The bargaining power of the consumer is based on the competitive strategies of each active firm in the industry. Thus, consumers can challenge one firm for charging more than the other one such that the firm will beat the price of the competing firm. Suppliers Amazons suppliers range from the publishing and media houses to electronics manufacturers. Amazon buys all their books, videos and audio CDs from the multi media houses and publishing giants such as Time Warner, Doubleday etc. Amazon also has alliances with other bookstores to cover orders that they cannot serve. Substitutes The substitutes for Amazon and other online bookstores are the actual book  retailers and music stores such as Barnes and Nobles, Virgin Megastore, Tower Records, Sam Goody and other small mom-and-pop outlets. With the rise of online retail, there will be little impact from these substitutes. One impact would be some consumers who would like to hold or listen to their purchases prior to buying and those who are into the whole shopping experience. Barnes and Nobles have jumped into online retail and have succeeded into diversifying into the new e-commerce industry. Industrial Organization Model Degree of Competition Due to the shift of focus for Amazon, it has become the Earths biggest anything store. Its competitors have expanded from just online book retailers Barnes and Nobles and Borders to top audio retailers CDNOW.com and online auction house EBAY.com. Amazon has an overall lead of 40% market share against the other online retail firms. Their international business has more than doubled over the past 2 years and this growth increased Amazons share in the online business market. Life Cycle Amazon, in its first years, had negative income but the rise of e-commerce sites and being the pioneer made the succeeding years led to boom time for them. Their growth period was during 1994 to 1995 when they were the first of its kind in the world. They incurred very high costs in terms of distributions to customers. Still with a negative income, Amazon went public in 1997 and had one of the biggest IPOs of the time. With investors banking on future positive cash flow for this company, Amazons market value soared. Many people caught on with the idea of online shopping, thus, Amazons success. Amazons success as an online retailer prompted bricks-and-mortar rivals Barnes and Noble and Borders to join in. Competition decreased Amazons profitability so in the past couple of years, Amazon has expanded to more than books, audio and video to electronics and other retail concepts. Social Relevance Amazons products are marketed for every consumer possible. Books, audio, video and electronics are appreciated by majority of the population especially those who have access to the Internet. Amazon is active in pursuing literacy programs for young children by collaborating with the makers of the Dr. Seuss books. They have actively participated in the Dr. Seuss shops, story telling sessions and Dr. Seuss days. Degree of Globalization Amazons strength internationally lies within its networks in major ports and cities around the Globe. Amazon first started out in Seattle but as soon as they have established a niche market, they have opened shop all over the nation and in cities such as London, Berlin, The Hague, Paris, Tokyo, Singapore and many more. These branches overseas improves their delivery service to a wide consumer base. Extent of Government Control There has not been many government regulations regarding online retailing. A group of CEOs whose firms that are engaged in such practices have formed an organization called Global Business Dialogue. This GBD group supports the development of a seamless global system that delivers the broadest array of goods and services to the largest number of consumers at the most competitive prices. This work effort will: offer recommendations to the WTO, including making the moratorium on online tariffs permanent; and collaborate with governments to target and eliminate discriminations against, or other non-tariff barriers to global trade in, electronic commerce. This working group will also provide an avenue for the GBDs to consider and promote the growth of the electronic marketplace in an environment unencumbered by detrimental taxation. Degree of Vertical Integration Amazons primary value chain includes purchasing/sourcing, marketing, distribution and after-sales services, which includes returns and exchanges from unsatisfied customers. Their main focus is in the purchasing/sourcing and in the distribution of the products to the consumers. Their investments are therefore, geared towards warehouses in key points of high consumer demand areas and an efficient delivery and distributing system to service all its consumers. Thus, Amazon controls most of its distributing system that spans across borders. Inter Organization of Network Economics Amazon in its efforts to sustain its market leadership in the online retailing industry has tied up with various online organizations. Netscape Navigator and Amazon will offer members of Netscape Netcenter a co-branded storefront where Earths Biggest Bookstore will be easily accessed through Netscape Netcenter (home.netscape.com). In addition, Amazon.com has multi-year exclusive and premier bookseller relationships with 5 of the top 6 sites on the World Wide Web: AOL.com, Yahoo!, Netscape, GeoCities, and Excite. These partnerships widen Amazons presence in the World Wide Web. Sensitivity to Business Cycles The Online retailing business has a very quick cyclical growth. Amazon being one of the firsts to venture in this type of commerce are all ready in what seems to be in their decline stage where market share is declining. Therefore, Amazon is expanding to different industries within online retailing. Amazon and other online retailing firms are very sensitive to business cycles due to the speed of technology involved in the services they offer. Dynamics of New Knowledge Generation Online retailing relies on the work of an excellent distribution system. Amazon has invested their money into expanding their network of distribution centers around the globe. They also have investments in creating better  technology for tracking orders and giving efficient delivery systems for their customers. Amazon.com has remained on top of the online retailing business despite the entrance of giants such as Barnes and Nobles and Borders. Their success is attributed to two factors; timing and continuing to invest heavily into the inventory and distribution systems. Amazon, by being the first of its kind, has a big lead over the nearest competitors due to their experience and its reputation as the first movers. Their thrust remains on improving efficient delivery systems across borders and to build name recognition as the number one retailing firm in the Internet. They have also ventured into different retail options to keep that lead. Marketing, Innovative inventory and distribution systems, and name recall have helped Amazon build a sustainable competitive advantage. In order for any online retail company to remain prosperous and income generating, they must invest a lot of time and money into research and development of more efficient operations and distributions systems. This proved to be key for the Market Leader in online retailing, Amazon.Com.