Free Essays on Federal Bankruptcy Law

RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE Topic. Federal Bankruptcy Law Thesis. Bankruptcy and reorganization is a complicated process. If the situation should ever arise an individual needs to know which Chapter suits his or her needs. A. Federal Bankruptcy Code a. Explanation of the origin b. Federal Bankruptcy Law c. Jurisdiction of courts B. Chapter 7 Liquidation Bankruptcy a. Procedure i. Filing a petition ii. Meeting of creditors iii. Appointment of trustee iv. Proof of claims b. Automatic stay c. Case dismissal d. Alternatives to Chapter 7 Bankruptcy e. Discharge C. Chapter 11 Reorganization Bankruptcy a. Why choose Chapter 11 b. Plan of reorganization i. Who develops the plan ii. Steps in the plan c. Discharge D. Chapter 13 Consumer Debt Adjustment a. Chapter 13 eligibility b. Important features c. Filing d. Automatic stay e. Plan of payment f. Confirmation of the plan g. Discharge E. Chapter 13 or Chapter 7 F. Rights of Creditors G. Conclusion Thesis Bankruptcy and reorganization is a complicated process. If the situation should ever arise an individual needs to know which Chapter suits his or her needs. Federal Bankruptcy Code The original Bankruptcy Act was enacted by Congress in 1878. In 1938 it was amended by the Chandler Act and completely revised again in 1978 by the Bankruptcy Reform Act that became effective on October 1, 1979. In 1984 the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act made bankruptcy courts part of the federal district court system and attached one to each district. The president appoints bankruptcy judges for 14-year terms. The term Bankruptcy Code refers to the amended act of 1978. Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the U.S. Constitution provides that â€Å"The Congress shall have the . . . to establish . . . uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States.† Federal bankruptcy law establishes procedures for filing for bankr... Free Essays on Federal Bankruptcy Law Free Essays on Federal Bankruptcy Law RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE Topic. Federal Bankruptcy Law Thesis. Bankruptcy and reorganization is a complicated process. If the situation should ever arise an individual needs to know which Chapter suits his or her needs. A. Federal Bankruptcy Code a. Explanation of the origin b. Federal Bankruptcy Law c. Jurisdiction of courts B. Chapter 7 Liquidation Bankruptcy a. Procedure i. Filing a petition ii. Meeting of creditors iii. Appointment of trustee iv. Proof of claims b. Automatic stay c. Case dismissal d. Alternatives to Chapter 7 Bankruptcy e. Discharge C. Chapter 11 Reorganization Bankruptcy a. Why choose Chapter 11 b. Plan of reorganization i. Who develops the plan ii. Steps in the plan c. Discharge D. Chapter 13 Consumer Debt Adjustment a. Chapter 13 eligibility b. Important features c. Filing d. Automatic stay e. Plan of payment f. Confirmation of the plan g. Discharge E. Chapter 13 or Chapter 7 F. Rights of Creditors G. Conclusion Thesis Bankruptcy and reorganization is a complicated process. If the situation should ever arise an individual needs to know which Chapter suits his or her needs. Federal Bankruptcy Code The original Bankruptcy Act was enacted by Congress in 1878. In 1938 it was amended by the Chandler Act and completely revised again in 1978 by the Bankruptcy Reform Act that became effective on October 1, 1979. In 1984 the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act made bankruptcy courts part of the federal district court system and attached one to each district. The president appoints bankruptcy judges for 14-year terms. The term Bankruptcy Code refers to the amended act of 1978. Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the U.S. Constitution provides that â€Å"The Congress shall have the . . . to establish . . . uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States.† Federal bankruptcy law establishes procedures for filing for bankr...

The Roman Salute Morituri te salutant

The Roman Salute Morituri te salutant As the toga-wearing combatants face each other across an unforgiving circle of sand, they turn toward their laurel-wreathed eminence, snacking on grapes, and bellow: â€Å"Ave, Imperator: Morituri te salutant!† This staple of swords-and-sandals fiction, the gladiator’s salute to his Emperor, in fact likely never happened. Only a handful of Roman historians, long after the fact, mention the phrase - literally, â€Å"Hail, Emperor, those who are about to die salute you† - and there’s little indication that it was in common usage in gladiatorial combat or any other games in ancient Rome. Nonetheless, â€Å"Morituri te salutant† has gained considerable currency in both popular culture and academia. Russell Crowe mouths it in the film â€Å"Gladiator,† and it’s used over and over by heavy metal bands (most cheekily by AC/DC, who tweaked it â€Å"For those about to about to rock, we salute you.†). Origin of the Phrase Where did the phrase â€Å"Morituri te salutant† and its variations (†¦morituri te salutamus, or â€Å"we salute you†) come from? According to the historian Suetonius’s Life of the Divine Claudius, the account of that emperor’s reign in his compendium The 12 Caesars, written around 112 A.D., it stems from a peculiar event. Claudius had commanded an immense public works project, the draining of Lake Fucino for agricultural land. It took 30,000 men and 11 years to complete. In honor of the feat, the emperor ordered up a naumachia - a mock sea-battle involving thousands of men and ships - to be held on the lake before it was emptied. The men, thousands of criminals otherwise to be hanged, hailed Claudius thusly: â€Å"Ave, Imperator: Morituri te salutant!† upon which the emperor replied â€Å"Aut non† - â€Å"Or not.† After this, the historians disagree. Suetonius says that the men, believing themselves pardoned by Claudius, refused to fight. The emperor ultimately cajoled and threatened them into sailing against one another. Cassius Dio, who wrote about the event in the 3rd century B.C., said the men merely pretended to fight until Claudius lost patience and commanded them to die. Tacitus mentions the event, some 50 years after it happened, but doesn’t mention the plea by the gladiators (or more precisely, naumachiarii). He relates, though, that a large number of prisoners were spared, having fought with the valor of free men. Use in Popular Culture In addition to the above-mentioned films and rock albums, Te morituri†¦ is also invoked in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and James Joyce’s Ulysses.

Eccentrically loaded tie Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eccentrically loaded tie - Lab Report Example Hounsfield tensometer testing device – a machine that was used to assess to what level our specimen expanses under the stress of the material and some other tensile features of materials like the tensile strength – and; We estimated and noted the eccentricity (e) and dimension of our specimen cross-section. We also applied a negligible holding load so as to eliminate the initial slackness from the set up. The recording mercury was also zeroed. After all that, our strain gauge switch as well as the balance unit for every gauge was set up. We recorded the measurement of the strain at every position for any increment in load up. In order to ascertain the strains of every sample under the adopted load, we connected the six strains to a six-channel strain gauging bridge. Figure 1 below illustrate the experimental process. In order to determine our strain gauge values, position of gauge depth from centroid, and average strain, we proceeded as follows (distance between the gauge are shown in parentheses in table 1 above): The figure 3 above displayed the distribution of stress across the tie as the measurement was proportional to the stress. The slope of NQS in the above diagram is proportional to disparity in strain as a results of bending. This was due to algebraic addition of axial and bending stresses shown below. From our results, the estimated e (19.125mm) was higher than our calculated e (18.48131738). This gave us a percentage error of only 3.3657%, implying that the accuracy of our results was around 96.6%. With this, we could confidently say our experiment was successful despite the 3.36% error. This percentage error might have been occasioned by: As for the stress distribution diagram, the shape was occasioned by the combination of bending and axial stress applied to tie bar material. This was consistent with the findings in Sinha (2002). Sheer forces and bending moments in the beam always determine the value of

The Introduction of Popular Music in School Music Curriculum Essay

The Introduction of Popular Music in School Music Curriculum - Essay Example In most societies in human civilisation’s timeline, there has been a great regard to various art forms, and these are often included in the daily lives of these peoples. Music is considered to be one of these important art forms that not only serve an aesthetic purpose, but also as part of the community’s culture, traditions, and spiritual living. While music is not something that everyone must do in any given society, it has been a universally-accepted truth that aside from all other humanistic artistic pursuits, music is a key universal feature in human civilisation (Green, 2003, p. 263). Such is high regard for music that long after modernisation and expansion of science and technology, there is still room for the inclusion of music in nearly every aspect of human society and culture from business (i.e. showbiz and merchandising) to social stance (i.e. music in defining political standpoint), thus it is still included in nearly every school curricula from the past to the present. Music education among various levels of schooling has been the norm for most educational systems and often lauded as a strong means of empowering and changing students and teachers (Abrahams, 2005, p. 12). Positive effects of music learning like instilling different virtues and attitudes among music students such as discipline and teamwork and improving literacy rates and increasing social awareness within the musical context are included in the many reasons why music is still a strong part of educational curricula in all levels of education despite a world-wide decrease in funds allotted for education in most nations (Philpott & Plummeridge, 2001; Tagg, 1982, p. 40). Aside from music as a universal concept and idea, it is considered a part of tradition and culture, giving people their unique identity amidst a fast-paced modern life (Lamont & Maton, 2010). Music’s importance and relevance is still recognised, and as a strong component of aesthetics music educati on remains to be integrated in most schools’ current curricula. At present most schools’ music curricula focus on traditional teaching music through the use of different scales, notations, sight reading, harmonisation and other musical concepts associated with traditional music lessons, along with musical styles of church hymns, orchestral and solo instruments typical of the early European classical pieces (Swanwick, 2002). While there has been observed advanced developments in other curricula such as science, mathematics, literature, and sociology, teaching methods in musical education have not changed much since the introduction of the public schooling system, making it lag behind from other fields of study. Because of this, lessons appear to focus on music that most of the younger generation consider â€Å"church music†, â€Å"old people music† or â€Å"archaic†, making them care less and deem these to be of lesser regard as opposed to say, musi c from the 1970’s and beyond (Jorgensen, 2003, p. 4). This way of thinking pushes the need to include other aspects of music that the present generation has greater appreciation of into the school curriculum, to increase the interest of the students in learning music and to improve their perception in learning the important principles of music as a whole (Frith, 1998). However, the fact that most academicians have less regard on popular music makes it harder to integrate this kind of music genre into an academic setting, as popular music has often been considered to be unimaginative, has lesser variation in style, timbre, etc., highly-repetitive, and comparable to mass-produced items (Lebler, 2008; Serra, Corral, Boguna, Haro & Ll. Arcos, 2012). Stigma associated with popular music does not give it justice to be taught formally to younger generations, which makes it difficult to integrate it into formal music curricula. Thankfully, there were changes in this viewpoint recentl y, and it is possible that through a compromise between the introduction

Colonial and Revolutionary Eras in America Essay Example for Free

Colonial and Revolutionary Eras in America Essay The colonial and Revolutionary eras in America are not so chronologically distant, yet they are two very different times for America. These two eras are very important parts of America’s history. The transformation of colonial America to Revolutionary America is quick but drastic. To be a colonial American would mean solely relying on God. An American at that time would center their whole life around God. They believed they did not personally own anything. For example, in Anne Bradstreet’s poem â€Å"Upon a Burning House†, Anne implied that it was wrong to feel sorry for the loss of your house or family, because the Puritan belief was that everything is owned by God. Anne considered herself lucky because she was left with the most important thing of all; her life (Chin 78). Anne Bradstreet most captured my attention with her writing style and her pure love of God. Puritans believed that â€Å"if God should let you go, you would immediately sink and swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulf† (Chin 103). It was easy for the British to keep people of the Puritan lifestyle under its crown because of their religious beliefs (Kiracofe) The Revolutionary era is when the colonists began to become more opinionated. The start of the Revolutionary era was when the British began taxing sugar. The sugar act lead to a boycott of buying all British imports. The Boycott put the British in great debt and was eventually repealed. At that point, the colonists discovered that they do have a say in their government. The people of America began relying on logistics and facts instead of their faith. This lead to the Revolutionary war, also called the War of Independence (Higginbotham). More and more people began speaking their mind, such as Phillis Wheatley, an African American who writes a Revolutionary piece of art, praising George Washington for fighting and leading in the Revolutionary war. The colonists began to become more and more individualized from the British. The whispers of rebellion turned into shouts after the Stamp Act. The farmers and merchants of America quickly transformed from strongly religious and peaceful men, into soldiers of the Revolutionary war. Colonial and Revolutionary Americans are two very different groups of people. The colonists were Puritans which means they were highly religiously dependent. Although the Revolutionary Americans did believe that there was a God and that he was on their side, they took their own initiative and fought for their freedom from Britain’s crown. If it were not for Revolutionary thinkers such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, George Washington, and the men who fought for this country, America would still be under the British laws and taxation. We would not have the rights and freedoms we have today. The Revolutionary war has made America for what it is today.

American Beauty Essay -- Film Review, Psychology

The movie â€Å"American Beauty† is a drama film that depicts the inter-persona family relationships of repressed middle-class people, describes the process of rediscovering true values in life, and how personal changes affect inter-personal relationships (Cohen, Jinks, & Mendes, 1999). The Burnham family are the main characters of the movie, and the family consists of Lester Burhnam, Carolyn Burnham, and their daughter Jane Burnham. Lester is a desperate and frustrated man who hates his job, cannot confront his wife, does not have any respect from his daughter, and has no control over the events that occur in his life. However, Lester soon decides to leave the role of the victim and replaces his job at the magazine with a job at the fast food restaurant while blackmailing his previous boss to give him $60,000 dollars. Lester befriends a teenage boy Ricky Fitts, who moved to the neighborhood recently with his parents Frank and Barbara, and starts purchasing marijuana from him. Furthermore, he starts fantasizing about his daughter's friend Angela and starts exercising in the garage to improve his physique for the purpose of having sex with her. Carolyn was frustrated by her husbands immature behavior and started an affair with Buddy Kane. When Lester found out about her affair, he claimed he was happy for her because he did not see any point in their marriage any more. Meanwhile, Jane Burnham bonds with Ricky Fitts and starts to openly talk about her issues at home which caused her low self-esteem and reserved behavior. Although Lester finally finds true happiness and begins controlling his life, the repressed colonel Frank, who mistakenly believed Lester was gay and tried to kiss him, shoots him in the head. While it seems unfair th... ...lly beneficial (Dams, 1997). Jane would spend less time and resources on improving her mental health and gain the same or better results. Therapists who know how to form therapeutic alliances and set goals with their patients will spend fewer resources to produce effective outcomes, so both the patient and therapists will benefit from spending fewer resources, such as time and money, to achieve beneficial results. Outside of the health care system, support is a valuable resource in psychotherapy because people who are dealing with their issues often require it for motivation. While Jane was lacking a supportive environment while growing up, she is able to create one with Ricky after meeting him. Although she still has to monitor her addictive behavior, creating or finding a supportive community will decrease her depression and increase her self-esteem significantly.

Design Elements in Fashion

Club's new album Champ is pretty damn adorable. I put it on in the car during a rare burst of winter sunlight a few weeks ago and for a few seconds I actually believed it was summer. This is the Ontario band's second full length album, following Elephant Shell in 2008. Lead singer David Monks is only 23 but has produced an incredibly nostalgic album where he describes moments as if they were a lifetime ago, not a few years.For anyone who hasn't heard much of this four-piece Canadian band I would highly recommend them. The song ‘Tessellate' from their first album is one of the loveliest songs I have ever heard, with a youthful outlook on the world and lyrics far beyond their age. David Monks' voice never fails to make me a bit weak at the knees. As well as this they are highly capable of producing catchy, dance around like a frenzied monkey, tracks. The new album is about secrets, growing up, growing apart, double knots, Christmas Cards, favorite foods, favorite colors and endin g your way.The only criticism I can give is that sometimes the lyrics seem too â€Å"teenager†, especially for your Monish educated ears. However sometimes it's nice to reminisce on those moments before everyone cut loose on Schooling. I think Champ will cement their place as one of the most interesting bands to watch at the moment. The album is out September for Australia, and in the words of one highly astute Youth user, â€Å"the man has a voice tuned for a women's vagina†. Amen.

Christian Aid Essay

Once the Second World War had finished, there was widespread homelessness in continental Europe .In addition to the thousands of refugees; many people had lost their homes and their possessions. So as a result of this, Churches in Britain and Ireland decided to do what they could do help at the time and they set up an organisation called â€Å"Christian Reconstruction in Europe†. Twenty years later the name was changed to â€Å"Christian Aid† and by 1964, the organisation began to focus on aid outside Europe which by then had largely recovered from the War. The aims of the organisation originally were to aid in the re construction of Europe and in the aid of refugees from all over the continent. During the 1960’s Christian Aid joined forces with other relief forces and their aims were to respond to world-wide emergencies and disasters. An emergency committee was set up so that in an emergency situation immediate action could be taken and all the organisations could co-operate to make the best use of their resources by organising a joint repose. During the late 60’s Food shortages and starvation were growing problems and Christian Aid wanted political action to be taken. So the latest aim was to campaign along with the World Development movement which was set up by the Churches and Christian Aid, so they could campaign on the hunger related issues. Their aims changed again over the period of the 80’s, world economic recession developed. The Banks in the rich north were demanding their interest rates from the Less Developed Countries that had received loans in the past. The interest charge that the countries had to pay turned out to be twice as much as the original loan. So Christian Aid began a campaign to persuade bank and governments to reduce or even cancel the debts of the poorer nations. In 1987 the Board of Christian aid adopted a statement by the British Council of Churches entitled To Strengthen the Poor, as a basis for action and reflection. The statement â€Å"Strengthen the Poor† is now Christians Aids basic aim. The majority of Christians Aid is funding comes from us the British public; you can either send a cheque through the post, or phone and make a donation. But Christian Aid is probably best known for its â€Å"Christian Aid week†. For seven days in May, church members from all over the country make door to door collections for the worlds poor. In the financial year of 1997-8, Christian Aid raised over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½37million. Money also come from the UK’s government who then donated 5.4million, the European Union gave à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.8 million, and the Irish government gave 0.57 million. That year Christian Aid spent 76% in improving poorer counties living conditions and health, 11% on campaigning and education, 11% on fundraising and only 2% on administration. This is how the money was spent in the year of 2001-2. In International work on development in poorer countries Christian Aid raised 28.9m, in International work on emergencies such as the refugees in Afghanistan 9.4m was donated to help. A total of 6.5m was spent on Campaigning and education, a further more 8.6m was used on Fundraising and publicity 0.9m was put towards Management and administration, this gave Christian Aid a great total expenditure of 54.3million pounds. At the heart of all of Christian Aids aims, beliefs and thoughts, comes their basic philosophy that peoples lives improve most when they make their own decisions. So they operate in partnership with local people in the belief that the local community best knows its needs and what skills are locally available. Once a group has decided on a community project it can approach Christian Aid. This way Christian Aid can help people strengthen themselves but let them do it them selves so in the future if they have a problem they can deal with it themselves, instead of them having it spoon fed to them. The group will have to provide a description of the work, showing how it can be done, and an estimate of how much will be needed. The Christian Aid project officer for the region will then assess the request and visit the site. Only when local experts have assessed the project in detail does the committee in London decide whether to support it. Christian quotes that † in penitence and hope we commit ourselves to strengthen the poor against injustice†. Another appealing quote is â€Å"we must act strategically to strengthen the arm of the poor until they can stand up to those who so often acted against them and have the power to determine their own development under God†. These two quotes sum up Christian Aids beliefs and aims for me. In conclusion I believe that Christian Aid has been successful in that they the main resource given to the poor is in education and the teaching of self-reliance. Another good aspect of the organisation is that aid is almost immediate to those in need, such as refugees in Iraq today however how far can we say Christian Aid is a complete success because we still have less developed people and countries in the world, Christian Aid alone cannot of itself solve the worlds problems but it can help with them.

Why IQ Tests Dont Test Intelligence Essays - Psychometrics

Why IQ Tests Dont Test Intelligence Essays - Psychometrics Why IQ tests don't test intelligence Psychology The task of trying to quantify a person?s intelligence has been a goal of psychologists since before the beginning of this century. The Binet-Simon scales were first proposed in 1905 in Paris, France and various sorts of tests have been evolving ever since. One of the important questions that always comes up regarding these tools is what are the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a person?s intelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Or just some arbitrary quantity of the person?s IQ? When examining the situations around which these tests are given and the content of the tests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests may be for standardizing a group?s intellectual ability, they are not a good indicator of intelligence. To issue a truly standardized test, the testing environment should be the same for everyone involved. If anything has been learned from the psychology of perception, it is clear that a person?s environment has a great deal to do with their cognitive abilities. Is the light flickering? Is the paint on the walls an unsettling shade? Is the temperature too hot or too cold? Is the chair uncomfortable? Or in the worst case, do they have an illness that day? To test a person?s mind, it is necessary to utilize their body in the process. If everyone?s body is placed in different conditions during the testing, how is it expected to get standardized results across all the subjects? Because of this assumption that everyone will perform equally independent of their environment, intelligence test scores are skewed and cannot be viewed as standardized, and definitely not as an example of a person?s intelligence. It is obvious that a person?s intelligence stems from a variety of traits. A few of these that are often tested are reading comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial relations. But this is not all that goes into it. What about physical intelligence, conversational intelligence, social intelligence, survival intelligence, and the slew of others that go into everyday life? Why are these important traits not figured into intelligence tests? Granted, normal standardized tests certainly get predictable results where academics are concerned, but they should not be considered good indicators of general intelligence because of the glaring omissions they make in the testing process. To really gauge a person?s intelligence, it would be necessary to put them through a rigorous set of real-life trials and document their performance. Otherwise the standardized IQ tests of today are testing an extremely limited quality of a person?s character that can hardly be referred to as intelligence. For the sake of brevity, I will quickly mention a few other common criticisms of modern IQ tests. They have no way to compensate for cultural differences. People use different methods to solve problems. People?s reading strategies differ. Speed is not always the best way to tackle a problem. There is often too much emphasis placed on vocabulary. Each of these points warrants individual treatment, and for more information refer to The Triarchic Mind by RJ Sternberg (Penguin Books, 1988, p18-36). It is possible to classify all the reasons that IQ tests fail at their task into two main groups. The first grouping is where the tests assume too much. Examples of this flaw are the assumption that speed is always good, vocabulary is a good indicator of intelligence, and that different test taking environments won?t affect the outcome. The second grouping comes because the tests gauge the wrong items. Examples of this are different culture groups being asked to take the same tests as everyone else, and the fact that the tests ignore so many types of intelligence (like physical, social, etc). These two groupings illustrate where the major failings of popular IQ tests occur and can be used as tools for judging others. IQ tests are not good indicators for a person?s overall intelligence, but as their use has shown, they are extremely helpful in making predictions about how a person will perform in an academic setting. Perhaps the problem comes in the name intelligence tests when it is obvious this is not what they really are. The modern IQ test definitely has its applications in today?s society but should be

buy custom Cyber Security, Cyber Space and Networking essay

buy custom Cyber Security, Cyber Space and Networking essay 1. Internet Activists 1.1. Nature of Activism The contemporary computer-based communication systems are utilized during the composition, storage, delivery, and processing of communication. The communication involves the transfer of electronic mails, organization of computerized conferencing, and constitution of bulletin-board systems. Computer-based communication systems are designed to facilitate adequacy in data volume and speed of transfer during communication practices. This procedure is, at times, referred to as office automation. In some instances, office automation ends up creating problems in communication between the organization and its stakeholders. The main forms of challenges are those that result from activities of internet activists and hackers (Layton, 2007). Internet activism is a new form of challenge that is yet to be tackled in an effective manner. The issue of internet activism consists of both ethical and technological dimensions. Initially, this form of activism was understood as a form of freedom of expression. This is because it involved the use of electronic communication techniques such as podcasts and emails in to facilitate broadcasting of information. However, activism has assumed a new direction in the recent past. Most internet activists aim at paralyzing communication channels through information overload, a scenario that is also referred to as electronic junk. They achieve their goals by disseminating a significant number of useless and unwanted messages, a situation that impairs communication between interconnected networks. In effect, information systems become unresponsive to certain inputs. The accuracy of their response reduces in a significant degree. Other forms of impairment involve systematic ignorance of import ant input features, a scenario that makes response time permitted (Krutz Russell, 2003). In addition to incorrect responses, some systems end up quitting before the completion of the communication process. Admirers of WikiLeaks chose internet activism as a form of punishment to organizations and corporations that they deemed hostile to the activities of exposing secret diplomatic cables. Among the victims were justice systems and financial institutions that sought to impair the undertakings of WikiLeaks. This form of activism differs from hacking. Hacking aims at gaining access to a computer system without authorization. The accessing individuals aspire to gain total control of the communication system. They aim at having powers to edit, install, and delete files and systems that are held in users directories. Their main goal is not to slow communication but to hide their presence (Layton, 2007). 1.2.Current Monitoring Technologies Various groups of technologists are in the process of improving internet security. However, todays activists are arming themselves with adequate knowledge in order to facilitate their intrusion into communication systems. This scenario has facilitated improvement in monitoring technologies so as to delay or deter security lapses. Such improvements include frequent updating of the operating system. Every software product possesses loopholes. The fixation of these loopholes proceeds on a continuous basis, and as such, consumers are encouraged to update their operating systems as soon as they can. Updating is encouraged because some of the enhancement in software systems facilitates the monitoring activities. In effect, this results into a significant reduction in information reduction (Jeffrey, 1992). Usage of firewall is among the most effective method of blocking unwanted traffic to a communication system. As such, it is advisable to keep the firewall on under all circumstances as such a strategy would deter a substantial amount of intrusions. The use of firewall should be supplemented by installation of effective antivirus software. Current antivirus software incorporates intelligence features that facilitate the monitoring of threats towards a communication system. As such, the choice of effective antivirus software is of the great utility to an organization. Therefore, an organization should not compromise the installation of antivirus software for cost (Dhillon, 2007). In most cases, information overload results from excessive mailing. As such, effective network administration necessitates scanning of all incoming mails before clicking on the links which would eventually lead to the impairing of the system. The most effective method of averting information overload is disregarding strange and unknown mails. There are a number of web filter technologies that facilitate blocking of un-trusted sites. These tools have been effective in impairing the endeavors of activists who have formulated tricks that aim at luring users into unsafe sites. All in all, administrators of communication systems should utilize available resources so as to keep their systems up to standard in terms of safety and speed. Such a strategy would ensure that the system is not grounded in case of an attack by activists (Dhillon, 2007). 1.3.Counter Measures Various organizations have been addressing the issue of internet activism through a couple of strategies. Among the most important strategies include the re-training of information system administrators, securing of communication environment, and incorporation of technologies that facilitates an effective fight back. Among the most popular technologies include intrusion detection systems and firewalls. Reputable software corporations are creating patches for various forms of vulnerabilities so as to defend the communication networks of their client organizations. Moreover, they are embarking on the initiative of training those that deals with the administration of information and communication systems of enterprises (Charles, 1993). Every computer system that connects to the internet increases the chances of being compromised. As such, individuals are encouraged to form a habit of checking their firewalls logs on a regular basis. This will facilitate the detection of activities that are deemed dangerous to the communication system. Therefore, the log should be constituted in a way that is understandable to most stakeholders of the system. Effective implementation of intrusion detection devices and firewalls can deter attacks. In situations where an attacker succeeds in his/her mission, the system logs are during the evaluation of the manner in which the invasion was done as well as the identity of the invader (Dhillon, 2007). 1.4.Post-Incident Procedures In some instances, administrators are expected to apprehend intruders while conducting their illegal activities. However, most of them notice trouble after communication systems has been impaired. However, effective recovery strategies can facilitate the return of the communication system to its normal operating capacity. Therefore, the administration should endeavor in facilitating measures that lead to recovery after the loss and impairment. In the event of a successful attack, the network administration is encouraged to gather facts regarding the nature of the attack. Stakeholders are advised to avoid being emotionally charred as this would drive them into seeking revenge. Revenging is unethical, and besides, it puts the system into a greater risk. This is because of the encouragement it gives to the activists, especially when they realize that a human factor is competing with their activities. The best form of counter measure is to improve the systems security so as to deter future attacks (Antenucci, 1991). Instead of retaliating, the administration should opt for tracking down the attacker. IP addresses have been providing useful leads in the tracking endeavors. The administration is advised against deleting new files from the system. Such a move may prove to be counterproductive as the activist may delete valuable logs from the computer system before the administrator acquires enough evidence against him/her. Once the identity of the activist has been identified, the administrator is then required to consolidate the information so as to facilitate prosecution (Charles, 1993). 2.Implementation of an online patient care system 2.1.Potential Security Threats Introduction of an online patient care system presents a number of risks to the patients medical data. The three top security threats include attack by malware, automated log-offs, and availability of removable media. Malwares is viruses, worms, Trojan horses and spyware that pose security threats to a computerized system. Pressure groups, interest groups, lobby groups, as well as other interested individuals may attach importance to the medical information of military personnel. Antagonists may view such information as a vital tool for disseminating propaganda. As such, a military health care system would attract undue attention from a section of the society. For various reasons, there are those that would opt to infect the system with viruses in an attempt to impair the operations of the computerized medical system. Others may opt to utilize the loopholes in the in the systems security strategy. Accessibility of the system by unauthorized individuals presents a serious security threat. Unauthorized individuals may gain access whenever the staff leaves their work stations without logging off. They may then peruse medical information of individuals without the permission of the relevant authorities. In most instances, it may be difficult to hold these individuals accountable as they do not operate under the normal rules and regulations of the organization (Charles, 1993). Proliferation of removable devices such as USB gadgets presents opportunities for downloading and storing data in tiny devices. Their portability presents a new category of risk as medical information can be illegally acquired by a click of a mouse. This poses a great risk to patients personal information as well as the medical facilitys trade secrets. In some instances, information systems pose the challenge of denial of service. This interrupts the normal functioning of a health facility, a scenario that endangers the lives of patients. Denial of service may emanate from malicious actions of sending floods of unnecessary requests to the organizations servers. These actions overwhelm the server, a scenario that denies legitimate users a chance to access their medical information. This may lead to wrong diagnoses and treatments, situations which would end up complication the conditions of the sick persons. Moreover, denial of service may result into a significant downtime, and this would result into financial losses for the organization. If the situation is not arrested, the losses may lead to ultimate collapse, and this would result to a loss of credible records, most of which would never be recovered (Antenucci, 1991). 2.2.Potential Vulnerabilities In an information system, vulnerability is the weakness that allows a hacker or an activist to reduce the information assurance of a computerized system. For an online patient care system, vulnerability would result from an intersection between three elements: flaw or susceptibility, accessibility to te flaw, and the capacity to exploit the flaw. The activist or hacker may connect to the system through the application of a technique or tool that has the capability of exploiting the weakness. Vulnerability is also referred to as attack surface (Charles, 1993). Although the definition of vulnerability may incorporate security risks, using the same terms interchangeably may lead to confusion. This is due to the fact that there can be no risk without the potential of a loss. As such, there can be vulnerability without an associated risk. An example of this is when the value of the affected asset cannot be determined. There are various classifications of vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities are classified according to impact the impact they have on the system. These assets include the hardware, software, network, personnel, organization, and site. Vulnerabilities under the hardware category include susceptibility to duct, humidity, unprotected storage, and soiling. An online patient care system would hold crucial information pertaining peoples health. As such, if the hardware component of the system gets disfigured, operation of the whole system would be impaired, a scenario which would pose risks to the lives of military personnel. Under the software category, vulnerabilities include insufficient testing and inadequate audit trail. Software vulnerabilities pose the greatest risks to the medical system. this is because holding of information is facilitated by the software. In that case, software failure would effectively lead to loss of information. Vulnerabilities that are classified under the network category include unprotected communication channels and unsafe network architecture. A significant amount of information is accessed during transit. Indeed, such an attack would be difficult to detect as it does not happen in the server computer where the administrator can monitor activities with ease. Site vulnerabilities include environmental calamities like a flood and unreliable power supply. Finally, organizational vulnerabilities that would expose this medical system to risks include inadequate audits and security as well as lack of continuity in planning. 2.3.Security Approaches to Protection An online patient care system would require the utilization of accessible and dependable channels that can be easily protected from misuse. However, the need for accessibility has been blamed for some of the most detrimental vulnerabilities discussed in the previous section. The situation can be easily exacerbated by the organizations failure to address obvious risks. Nevertheless, there are a number of health institutions that recognize that their operations are mission critical and, therefore, necessitate the incorporation of strategic security measures. The proposed organization would ensure data security through incorporation of control frameworks so as to facilitate the conceptualization of the facilitys risk management plan. This would enable the adoption of a robust risk assessment procedure that facilitates compliance with the firms objectives. The adoption of Operational Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation, OCTAVE approach would lead to effective understanding, addressing, and assessment of the risks that are associated with the implementation of a communication system. This is because the adoption of OCTAVE methodology would facilitate the identification, prioritization, and management of security risks (Charles, 1993). Effective security approaches are those that enable the organization to develop various criteria for risk assessment with a view of determining and evaluating potential consequences that the risks pose to the facility. As such, identification of vulnerabilities should be followed by an initiation of corrective actions so as to mitigate the risks in a manner that creates a practice-based protective strategy. These are the views that lead to the formulation of the OCTAVE methodology, a tool that would be effective in diffusing the challenges that the online patient care system would face. 2.4.Security Issues Related to Outsourcing During the evaluation of outsourcing choices, the enterprise needs to consider the advantages and disadvantages of the option. This section evaluates the disadvantages associated with outsourcing as well as the impacts of such a strategy. Disadvantages include the loss of control and confidentiality, hidden costs, quality problems, and bad publicity. Signing a contract with another firm turns the control and management over to another institution. This would increase the chances of data loss and accessibility to unauthorized persons. Extra challenges will result as the two companies may not be observing the same standards. As the contracted company would wish to maximize profits, it may end up providing substandard services in an endeavor to cut the costs of operation. Outsourcing would also introduce the challenge of hidden costs. As such, the medical facility would find it difficult to budget its operations. The challenges result from the fact that not all aspects of security are covered in contracts. Therefore, anything that is not covered under the terms of the contract attracts hidden costs, a situation that is considered disadvantageous during the negotiation process (Jeffrey, 1992). Outsourcing introduces threats to confidentiality and security. This puts the survival of the organization at risk. The risk is attributable to the loss of confidentiality with regard to medical and payroll records. Various research studies have indicated that it is difficult to ensure that data is effectively protected. Effectiveness would only be possible if the contract provides for penalization of a party that fails to meet its obligations. Finally, outsourcing will tie the success of the system to the capability and financial standing of outsiders. This may compromise the quality of the services being offered. 3. Implementation of a Hybrid Cloud Solution 3.1.Challenges to the proposed solution While implementing the hybrid cloud solution, the management will be tasked with addressing three main issues: Time, Usability, and Accuracy. The three are the drives that inspire the development of an automated system that would process and store personnel records. To achieve the effectiveness of the cloud solution, the management will have to address the issue of accuracy during data processing. As such, the initial challenge that the company faces involves the verification of data being processed. Verification is important as it ensures that the information that the system ends up storing information that can be relied upon during critical decision making. The hybrid cloud solution is aimed at facilitating access to information that would enhance the credibility of a businesss transactions. The goal of the company is to have the right personnel in its ranks so as to enhance the organizational performance. As such, the management will be faced with the difficulty of ensuring that the procedure used in data processing delivers results that are reliable, understandable, and implementable. This is due to the danger of losing credibility, a scenario that would result if the system provides invalid reports (Allen, 2001). The goal of the hybrid solution is to alleviate the disputes that arise during decision making processes. As such, the hybrid solution must be a system that facilitates access to information. This would, therefore, necessitate the development of a system that is easy to operate so that the executives and the end users can cooperate in formulating strategic goals and objectives for the organization. There will, therefore, be a challenge of ensuring accessibility of the information being stored in the hardware. Moreover, the information being generated must be presented in reports that are geared toward the formulation of precise decisions. This will be challenging as there are varieties of report formats, and it is difficult to have everyone agree on any one of them. Furthermore, there may be need to train the stakeholders on the application of reports during decision making processes (Layton, 2007). This requirement would lead to increased cost of operation, a situation which would s train the company resources leaving several vote heads inadequately funded. There would also be the challenge of ensuring timely delivery of information. Most stakeholders anticipate solutions which the system may not handle. This is because, unlike the human beings, the hybrid solution cannot perform tasks that the developers did not provide for. As such, it may, at times, be a waste of time and company resources to search for solutions that the system cannot provide. The time wasted may result into lost opportunities for the company, and this would lead to loss of revenue (Allen, 2001). On the aspect of security, the automated system exposes the personnel records to a number of risks. Most of the risks are associated with unauthorized access to personnel data. Such fears may prompt the personnel to withhold vital information, a situation that may reduce the credibility of the data on records. Additionally, hackers, competitors, and activists may gain access to important data and trade secrets. Such a loss of confidentiality would expose the company to malicious onslaughts, a scenario which would lead to the collapse of the enterprise. 3.2.The Information System Manager The protection of data will be the responsibility of the manager in charge of information systems. The executive board will delegate the roles of planning, directing, and coordinating activities associated with the electronic information processing and data recovery so as to ensure safety of personnel records. To ensure that the development team addresses the issues of security, the manager will review the activities being undertaken by the developers and system analysts, and in consultation with other stakeholders, assess the security needs and requirements of the system. He will direct the development of security enhancement technologies so as to ensure control and data recovery after a disaster (Layton, 2007). The information system manager will be required to manage backups and approve programs and system charts prior to their implementation. As such, he will be the one responsible with the evaluation of the technology being used as well as the project requirements and feasibility. As the leader tasked with daily procedures of the system, he will be required to analyze workflows, establish priorities, set deadlines, and develop standards that aim at enhancing the systems information security. 3.3.Issues of Concern Service providers and software vendors will be expected to address a couple of issues during the implementation of the hybrid solution. These issues include that manner in which data is gathered and planned as well as how the resources are coordinated during decision making processes. Since reliance on shared data and technology present the organization with ethical and security consequences, I would wish to query the providers and vendors on the basics of information systems. I would ask the vendors to explain how the information systems will be used in the planninng, coordination, and control of business decisions. I would also seek an explanation regarding the software and hardware tools that will be involved in the implementation of the system. Due to the importance that is attached to information system security, I would require an explanation on how the experts will secure the information and technology that are associated with the information system. Additionally, I would query the manner in which internet communication would be secured from activists and hackers. It would also be necessary for vendors to address the issue of ethical dilemmas that are associated with the incorporation of the system. In particular, I would seek more information regarding the success in the proper use of information and equipments during the dissemination of the data that has been collected form stakeholders. 3.4. Security Provisions The managers of information systems are required to address various issues that emanate from the development of new technologies such as virtual worlds and other internet applications. This results into an ever-changing scenario, a situation that initiates constant changes. The changes are, at times, unforeseen, and as such, their rise presents stress levels that are difficult to tackle. Therefore, there are a number of provisions that facilitate secure computing while implementing a software system. Data security presents the biggest challenge to cloud computing. This is because cloud computing is a strategy that leads to loss of control, virtualized environments, multi-tenancy, and difficulties in auditing. These issues present security challenges to the organization (McNab, 2004). The above issues require management to institute security provisions while incorporating cloud computing. Among the provisions include the demand that the cloud provider use secure methods during storage, transfer, and access of data files. As such, the institution should abide by the provision that described security protocols that relate to such processes. As a protocol, the stakeholders should be reasonable in their demands so that the implementation of the system serves as an effective method of reducing data loss. There should be a necessity to employ various security measures so as to facilitate vulnerability management. The organization should ensure that encryption and firewalls are utilized in order to enhance security of information (Allen, 2001). Another provision addresses the issue of notification with regard to a security breach. This means that cloud computing should comply with the laws that are associated with bleach of notification. In regard to this, the organization may consider imposing penalties in situations where data security is compromised. When these issues are effectively addressed, the security of the system as well as the data is enhanced. 4.Implementation of a Mobile Application 4.1. Cyber Security Concerns associated with Mobile Devices Mobile devices refer to a class of devices built at their core around ease of connectivity and accessibility of online services. They offer many merits in increased productivity of client, corporate and personal data. Not only are they used in communication, they are also used in carrying personal and sensitive data. In the past few years, mobile devices have rapidly increased in both functionality, and power and their popularity risen exponentially. The platform for these devices becomes similar to portable computers and desktops but their unique qualities demands unique security risks. The easily downloaded and installed applications open the platforms up to malware. Invariant changes in software and hardware configuration render challenge with data security in the mobile devices as compared to desktops and portable Computers. Hackers were once inspired by personal ill fame and curiosity, but mobile devices have shifted these to financial gain. Smart phones support multiple bands to enable ease of roaming on a wide range of network. This may allow a hacker to force the device to register with an insecure protocol which it would normally allow the hacker to decrypt data. The mobile device then would forward all traffic through the protocol allowing complete interception of data streams. Hacker would then impersonate the sending host and gather sensitive information about the organization which the hacker would use to gain financially. Hackers use malware to steal business, personal data, or impersonate mobile device connectivity. They pirate application, add malicious code, and trick mobile users to download them. Once mobile users install these pirated applications on their phones, hackers steal their personal and business data. This malware might also sign them up without their knowledge for text message subscription services which would charge them, and the money deposited in the hackers accounts. 4.2.Baking the software development process for mobile applications During the development of mobile applications, developers can develop applications that scan other application when people try to download them to their smart phones. These scanning applications prevent installation of malware, and they alert mobile user when they visit or click unsecure link. Developers can also use sandboxing to secure the mobile applications. Sandboxing refers to a security technique for creating restrained execution surrounding used for running unknown programs. The technique reduces the level of un-trusted program posses of accessing the application (McNab, 2004). It provides a tightly assured set of resources for un-trusted programs to run in such as space on memory and disk. It also protects programs from interfering, and as a result, increases the stability of developers applications. The developer should provide a safe environment where the mobile application executes and prevent interference from un-trusted programs. 4.3.Cyber Security Countermeasures To countermeasures cyber security, the organization should take the following measures; 4.3.1.Regular Scanning of Applications The organization should scan applications in smart phones for malicious malware. This scanning would remove malware from peoples phone and market. Scanning also would prevents smart phones applications accessing other applications, and inform mobile users if a malicious application gains access to their contact list or location. 4.3.2.Secure the Application, Device, Database, and Network Wireless networks are always open and this can be used to mount an attack. The organization should take a hard look at its wireless network and access policies. The organization should request its internet provider regularly analyzing its network traffic to identify malware and problems that can limit traffic flow. The organization should use remote wiping and encryption technologies to guard users login details on the device. They should also lay policies that explicate what platform and devices should be supported and what protection witting conduct appears like. The organization should guard the mobile application and ensure it does not expose sensitive product data to other applications. They should also educate the application end user the risks prone to them (Layton, 2007). 4.3.3.Enforce Strong Process and Policies to Protect Data The organization should put in place strong processes and policies to improve the security of the mobile application. The organization should train smart phone users use of security tools and give them guidelines on how to choose a strong password, and how to avoid losing their devices (Peltier, 2001). 4.3.4.Offers Incentives to Promote Security The organization should consider offering incentives to promote secure conduct instead of punishments. The organization should also be in a position to distinguish malicious intent from accidents to prevent employees victimization. Workplace environment should be such that employees should feel comfortable knowing they can report a security breach with exemption. 4.3.5.Identify the Enemy The organization should focus resources on areas where attack has the potential to result to significant damage. Technologies should be looked at from all possible ways someone could steal organization data or interrupt the network. The organization must take a holistic approach when covering its mobile applications (Peltier, 2001). It should implement multiple security layers to provide redundancies if any security layer gets compromised. 4.4.The key practices that ensure the security of mobile devices To ensure mobile device security, smart phone users should do the following; 4.4.1.Configure Smart Phones Securely Smart phone users should enable auto lock to avoid accidental phone operations. They should enable password protection and use strong passwords which are hard to crack. They should also avoid using features that remember passwords or username to prevent un-authorized access to their phones. Smart phone users should ensure appropriate configuration of browser settings to prevent exposing their sensitive login credentials to malware (White, 2003). 4.4.2.Turn On Encryption Smart phone users should always use the strong security controls on their Phones. This will enable them to be careful and help them to have a high level of psychological disorder about what happens to their sensitive information. Users should consider using thin client models to ensure secure maintenance of their data. This helps avoid the issue of storing confidential users data on his/ her mobile devices. This also helps in avoiding developing new mobile solutions, once there is a release of new technology in the market (Peltier, 2002). 4.4.3 Request Authentication to login on their Smart Phones Smart phones are too easy to lose without proper authentication. Users should turn on smart phone authentications, so that lost smart phones should not be easily accessed by the person who steals or find them. 4.4.4 Utilize Remote Wipe Capabilities Smart phone users should remotely access and disable their smart phones in the event of theft or loss. They should ask their IT firms to give them these privileges so that they can ensure data protection (White, 2003). With the remote accessing capability, the device users would only take quick call to IT firm which will take care of the stolen smart phones. 4.4.5 Smart Phone users should consider control of Third Party Applications Hackers pirate and add malicious code to most of third party applications. These malware steals sensitive information about users and Smart phone users limits the installation of un-trusted application to prevent hackers from commanding control of their devices (Peltier, 2002). Buy custom Cyber Security, Cyber Space and Networking essay

Environment and Sustainable Development Assignment - 1

Environment and Sustainable Development - Assignment Example This ensures that all life forms are equitably taken care of and extinction of certain species is eluded (Williamson 12) . Assist the government and corporations as well as the public to make strides in utilization and full beneficial access from natural resources. By doing so they ensure that there are maximum use and colossal benefits from the environment mutually. The role of environmentalist relates to the various techniques taught in class such as botanical and zoological conservation methods to delve into the core role of environmental conservation. Subsequently, every approach was undertaken in class in terms of practical work links in unison to the practical approach undertaken by environmentalists. The interview conducted involved an expert in the environmental field. Name; Contact no: The main method of interview used was question and answer and from the results achieved the report was written. Preceding the tour of an environmental based scene/ zone it was evident that conservation of the species was paramount among all (the basis of our class topics-conservation of an environment). Furthermore, there was clear evidence of improvement in the sustainability of the environment in various ways such as aquariums of indigenous fish species as a way of protecting them.  Ã‚  

US criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

US criminal justice - Essay Example Before going into the discussion regarding affect of one’s opinion about the purpose of sentencing on selecting the most appropriate type of punishment, let us get a better understanding of what sentencing actually is.Sentencing is a stage in criminal justice system in which a judge decides a punishment for a criminal. The purpose of sentencing plays a very critical role in deciding the most suitable type of punishment because it makes a judge decide whether to satisfy the victim or to punish the offender according to the law. The judges, however, can make the decision on their own in a very few situations because they have to look at the punishment which is set in the law for any specific crime. The way the juries make a decision against criminals has been continuously changing with time (Renter). For some crimes, there are laws, which apply fines and banishment for the criminals whereas for some crimes, there are very harsh punishments set for the criminals. â€Å"Today the re are many things the criminal justice system aims to do by imposing punishments and sentences† (Renter). One’s belief in the purpose of sentencing plays a crucial role in reducing the crime rate from a country. In the US criminal justice system, the aim of the judges is to reduce the crime by sentencing the criminals on merit. The goal should be to make the criminals refrain from crimes by giving law-based punishments to the criminals. Some judges believe that sentencing should be a way to stop the criminals from committing crimes by giving harsh punishments to the criminals whereas others believe that sentencing should also involve will of the victims in order to satisfy the victims properly. Therefore, one’s belief about the purpose of sentencing plays a critical role in deciding appropriate punishments for the criminals. Answer: No: 2 Some of the most famous sentencing models in the United States include indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing, and mandatory sentencing. Indeterminate Sentencing In indeterminate sentencing, the judges state a minimum and maximum length of imprisonment for the criminals depending on the nature of the crime committed by them. It is the most widely used sentencing model in the United States of America (Siegal 498). The minimum time of imprisonment is must for all criminals whereas the maximum time depends on some specific circumstances. The model gives power to the judges to decide the number of years for the imprisonment of the criminal by providing the judges with both limits for the years of imprisonment. Indeterminate sentencing provides range and flexibility to the judges by giving them the power to decide the appropriate duration for imprisonment of the criminals. Determinate Sentencing Determinate sentences are fixed terms of incarceration in which the offender has to spend a specific number of years in the prison. In determinate sentencing, there is a set of guidelines for the judges that define the parameters to be followed while deciding the sentences. For rehabilitation purposes, determinate sentencing model is too restrictive as compared to indeterminate sentencing. A good thing about the determinate sentencing model is that the offender keeps in mind the punishment for any specific crime and hesitates to commit the crime and go back to jail for anther term of imprisonment. Mandatory Sentencing Another type of sentencing model is mandatory sentencing in which a judge has to give a mandatory punishment to the criminal because in this model of sentencing, a judge has little or no control over the punishment set for any specific crime. Mandatory sentencing restricts sentencing disparity and limits individualized sentencing by limiting the discretionary power of the judges to impose any kind of disposition. Mandatory sentencing has helped the government of the United States reduce the overall number of crimes by incarcerating the offenders who might have